toxicology study Articles
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Selecting the best design for non‐standard toxicology experiments
Although many experiments in environmental toxicology use standard statistical experimental designs, there are situations that arise where no such standard design is natural or applicable due to logistical constraints. For example, the layout of a lab may suggest that each shelf serve as a block with the number of experimental units per shelf either greater than or less than the number of ...
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Omics for aquatic ecotoxicology; Control of extraneous variability to enhance the analysis of environmental effects
There are multiple sources of biological and technical variation in a typical ecotoxicology study that may not be revealed by traditional endpoints but that become apparent in an omics dataset. As researchers increasingly apply omics technologies to environmental studies, it will be necessary to challenge ourselves to understand and control the main source(s) of variability to facilitate ...
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Age of onset in health impact assessment of chemical substances
The age at which a disability starts is important information when performing a quantitative health impact assessment of any particular chemical substance. From the fields of epidemiology and toxicology it is known that this age of onset may be influenced by chemical exposure and that this influence is dose (or exposure) dependent, i.e. effects will occur at younger ages when dose is increased. ...
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Genetically modified organisms: the side not revealed by science
The efforts on the part of Monsanto to introduce Roundup Ready (RR) soybeans into Brazil have been impeded since 1998 by court action by IDEC (a consumer rights organisation) and Greenpeace. The lack of toxicological studies concerning the specific environmental impact on Brazil is the main argument against the marketing of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in the country. Being unable to ...
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Ecotoxicology
The term ecotoxicology was coined by René Truhaut in 1969 who defined it as "the branch of toxicology concerned with the study of toxic effects, caused by natural or synthetic pollutants, to the constituents of ecosystems, animal (including human), vegetable and microbial, in an ...
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Interactions between mercury and phytoplankton: Speciation, bioavailability and internal handling
In the present review, key interactions between Hg and phytoplankton are described and discussed in order to highlight the role of phytoplankton in the biogeochemical cycle of Hg and to understand direct or indirect Hg effects on them. Phytoplankton are exposed to various Hg species in surface waters. By Hg uptake, phytoplankton affect the concentration, speciation and fate of mercury in ...
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Sono-biodegradation: a promising alternative to existing bioremediation methodologies
Pollution of fresh water has become a serious concern today for developing countries. There are umpteen treatment methodologies and protocols, but still there exists a demand for new technologies for wastewater treatment. Extensive research on pollutants and increased toxicological studies have paved the way for new technologies, such as ultrasound treatment of pollutants and wastewater ...
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Susceptibility and vulnerability to health effects of air pollution: The case of nitrogen dioxide
Abstract: Epidemiological and toxicological studies have reported adverse health effects in response to exposure to air pollution including nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Some of these studies have indicated that specific populations may be at different risk of NO2 related health effects that others. Adverse health effects from air pollution are not equally distributed among populations and individuals. ...
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How are trace elements mobilized during the postweaning fast in northern elephant seals?
Northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) pups undergo a substantial intertissue reorganization of protein, minerals, and other cellular components during their postweaning development, which might entail the mobilization of associated contaminants.The authors investigated the changes in concentrations of 11 elements (Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, V, and Zn) in a longitudinal study ...
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ISO Standard describes aerosol generation for air exposure studies of nano-objects and their aggregates and agglomerates
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) recently published standard ISO/TR 19601:2017, “Nanotechnologies — Aerosol generation for air exposure studies of nano-objects and their aggregates and agglomerates (NOAA).” ISO states that, to evaluate the inhalation toxicity of NOAA, it is important to consider certain parameters that make the toxicity testing relevant ...
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Acute toxicity tests and meta‐analysis identify gaps in tropical ecotoxicology for amphibians
Amphibian populations are declining worldwide, particularly in tropical regions where amphibian diversity is highest. Pollutants, including agricultural pesticides, have been identified as a potential contributor to decline, yet toxicological studies of tropical amphibians are very rare. The present study assesses toxic effects on amphibians of 10 commonly used commercial pesticides in ...
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Influence of exposure and toxicokinetics on measures of aquatic toxicity for organic contaminants: A case study review
This theoretical and case‐study review of dynamic exposures of aquatic organisms to organic contaminants examines variables important for interpreting exposure and therefore toxicity. The timing and magnitude of the absorbed dose change when the dynamics of exposure change. Thus, the dose metric for interpreting toxic responses observed during such exposure conditions is generally limited to ...
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Toxicological risks to humans of toxaphene residues in fish
A revised risk assessment for toxaphene was developed, based on the assumption that fish consumers are only exposed to toxaphene residues that differ substantially from technical toxaphene due to environmental degradation and metabolism. In vitro studies confirmed that both technical toxaphene and degraded toxaphene inhibit gap junctional intercellular communication that correlates with the ...
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A new approach for the laboratory culture of the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnows are routinely cultured for use in aquatic toxicology studies. A new mass culture system described in the present study consisted of 6 stainless steel tanks, each containing 68 fish and 20 spawning substrates. Spawning results are compared with a previous system of 22 individual glass aquaria, which contained 16 fish and 4 spawning substrates per tank. During a 19‐mo period, the ...
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Introduction to the A&WMA 2005 Critical Review: Nanoparticles and the Environment
Untitled Document Nanoparticles are loosely defined as particles with diameters in the range of 1 nm to 50 or 100 nm (nanometers). Nanoparticles are bigger than air molecules (0.3 nm), but are smaller than the upper limits regulated by ambient air quality standards. (U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards regulate the mass of particles ...
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Determination of pharmaceutical residues and assessment of their removal efficiency at the Daugavgriva municipal wastewater treatment plant in Riga, Latvia
Pharmaceutical products (PPs) belong to emerging contaminants that may accumulate along with other chemical pollutants in wastewaters (WWs) entering industrial and/or urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In the present study, the technique of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (Orbitrap-HRMS) was applied for the analysis of ...
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40 years on: what do we know about drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs) and human health?
2014 marks the 40th anniversary of the seminal discovery by Johannes Rook, in 1974, that trihalomethanes (THMs) were formed by the chlorination of natural organic matter (NOM) in drinking water. Since this discovery, which revolutionized how we viewed drinking water safety and quality, hundreds of other classes of disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been discovered. The finding in 1976 by the ...
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The true toxicity of combined pollutants in freshwater
Aquatic organisms are exposed to many stressors, including a variety of pollutants from human activities. New research suggests that commonly used models in toxicological studies can fail to adequately predict the range of effects of complex mixtures of chemicals in aquatic environments. Stress caused by combinations of man-made pollutants found in water systems can compound the effects of ...
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Homeland Security: Managing the Risks
Untitled Document Following the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City on September 11, 2001, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other federal agencies conducted extensive assessments of the air quality and associated environmental and health effects near the so-called “Ground Zero” site. EPA’s activities ...
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Zebrafish as a model system to study toxicology
Monitoring and assessing the effects of contaminants in the aquatic eco‐environment is critical in protecting human health and the environment. The zebrafish has been widely used as a prominent model organism in different fields because of its small size, low cost, diverse adaptability, short breeding cycle, high fecundity, and transparent embryos. Recent studies have demonstrated that ...
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