toxkit Articles
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Cyst-Based Toxicity Tests. - II. Report of an International Intercalibration Exercise with 3 Cost-Effective Toxkits
Abstract : What very likely constituted the largest bioanalytical round robin exercise ever conducted in modern times was undertaken in Europe, the United States, and Canada to appraise the interlaboratory reliability and reproducibility of three new cost-efficient cyst-based toxicity test procedures. Close to 500 pre-packaged toxicity kits (Toxkits) of either freshwater Brachionus ...
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Acute Toxicity of Nine Pesticides as Determined with Conventional Assays and Alternative Microbiotests
Abstract : Conventional bioassays in aquatic toxicology are time and space consuming and depend on the continuous culture and maintenance of the test species. Since Toxkit microbiotests do not suffer from these handicaps, they seem to be a tempting alternative. In order to find out the potential and the limitation of these new microbiotests the sensitivity of 4 Toxkit microbiotests has been ...
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Sensitivity Comparison of the ISO Daphnia and Algal Test Procedures with Toxkit Microbiotests
Abstract : A short comparative study has been made on the sensitivity of 2 conventional bioassays (the ISO Daphnia magna immobilization test and the ISO algal growth inhibition test with Scenedesmus quadricauda) and 3 Toxkit microbiotests : the Daphtoxkit F™ magna, also with D. magna, the Thamnotoxkit F™ with the crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus, and the Algaltoxkit F™ assay ...
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Using Toxkits for Calculating Interactive Effects of Chemicals
Abstract : The effects of 3 common pesticides (lindane, methyl-parathion and atrazine) and of 2 metals (cadmium and chromium) are investigated in this study on a crustacean (Daphnia magna) and on micro-algae (Selenastrum capricornutum). Methyl-parathion was the most toxic compound towards both test species, while lindane was more toxic to D. magna than atrazine and atrazine was more toxic to S. ...
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Comparison of Ukrainian Standard Methods and New Microbiotests for Water Toxicity Assessment
Abstract : The incorporation of new microbiotests in Ukrainian environmental legislation for toxicity assessment of natural and waste waters is of great practical interest. In order to determine the usefulness of some of these new microbiotests, comparative experiments have been carried out on the sensitivity of 2 Toxkit tests with the crustaceans Thamnocephalus platyurus and Daphnia magna, ...
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Toxicity Assessment of Chemicals using Conventional Acute Daphnia magna Tests, Toxkits and Fluotox Microbiotests
Abstract : Simple, rapid and cost-effective testing procedures were developed over the last few years, mainly for application in routine toxicity screening. One of the most significant breakthroughs in this regard are the highly standardized Toxkit microbiotests, which make use of dormant or immobilized stages of selected invertebrate species as the biological material from which the test species ...
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Toxicity Evaluations of Wastewaters in Austria with Conventional and Cost-Effective Bioassays
Abstract : The acute toxicity of 42 samples of different types of domestic and industrial discharges was assessed with a battery tests comprising the standard Daphnia magna bioassay and three cost-effective new microbiotests (cyst-based Toxkits) : the Rotoxkit F with the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and the Streptoxkit F and Thamnotoxkit F tests with the freshwater fairy shrimps ...
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The Distribution of Endpoint Chronic Values for Freshwater Rotifers
Abstract :Several types of toxicity tests have been described using the freshwater rotiferBrachionus calyciflorus. Variation among different endpoints has not been described and compared to variation in toxicant sensitivity among rotifer species. Data is presented demonstrating that endpoint chronic values for pentachlorophenol are log-normally distributed with a mean of 251 µg/l PCP and a ...
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Toxkit Technology and New Zealand Water Quality Guidelines
Abstract : The primary objective of this project was to evaluate six Toxkits and the IQ Toxicity TestsTM, for suitability in the role of screening of whole effluents in DTA required by Resource Consents. As an extension, their role as \'up the pipe\' toxicity identification tests were also evaluated. Screening tests must be cost effective (so that regular testing may be performed), easy to use ...
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Evaluation of Toxkits as Methods for Monitoring Water Quality in New Zealand
Abstract :The Resource Management Act 1991, of New Zealand, requires local authorities and industry to apply for consent to discharge effluent to water or land. The requirement for whole effluent toxicity testing is now being included in these Resource Consents. The Ministry for the Environment (MfE) has encouraged research which evaluates technology used to monitor environmental parameters (e.g. ...
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Application of Toxkit Microbiotests for Toxicity Evaluation of River Waters and Waste Waters in the Region of Warsaw in Poland
Abstract : The toxicity of surface waters (Vistula river in Warsaw) and of raw and treated wastewaters (treatment plants in Grodzisk Mazowiecki and in Piaseczno) has been measured at 2 occasions with 4 Toxkit microbiotests : the Algaltoxkit F™, the Daphtoxkit F™ pulex, the Thamnotoxkit F™ and the Protoxkit F™. Although the Vistula river is classified as being highly ...
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Criteria-Based Procedure for Selecting Test Methods for Effluent Testing and its Application to Toxkit Microbiotests
Abstract : In recent years there has been increasing development of methods (particularly rapid tests) for testing environmental samples. If appropriate methods are to be used for a particular operational role then it is necessary to adopt a robust and objective selection mechanism. This paper describes the application of a criteria-based procedure to the selection of test batteries of methods ...
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Assessing the Quality of Natural Waters in Magnesia Prefecture in Greece using Toxkits
Abstract : In this study, the results of water quality analyses in the reservoir of the former Lake Karla in Magnesia prefecture in Greece are presented. Physical, chemical and ecotoxicological parameters were examined, the latter by application of 2 Toxkit microbiotests with crustaceans (Daphnia magna) and micro-algae (Selenastrum capricornutum). According to the classification criteria used for ...
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Cyst-Based Toxicity Tests. - VI. : Toxkits and Fluotox Tests as Cost-Effective Tools for Routine Toxicity Screening
Abstract : During the last two decades microbiotests have been developed which are independent of recruitement, maintenance and/or culturing of live stocks of test organisms. Culture and maintenance free microbiotests have been worked out in the Laboratory for Biological Research in Aquatic Pollution at the University of Ghent, with selected aquatic invertebrates. The new approach is based on the ...
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Low-Cost Microbiotests For Toxicity Monitoring During Bioremediation Of Contaminated Soils
Abstract: This paper addresses in the first place the need to apply toxicity tests with batteries of species from different trophic levels for an (ecologically meaningful) determination of the toxic hazard of contaminated soils. Furthermore, \'direct contact\' tests must be performed as well as assays on pore waters, leachates or percolates.Most toxicity tests available to date are dependent on ...
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Toxicity Determination of Zinc and Cadmium (Single and in Combination) with a Battery of Toxkit Microbiotests
Abstract : Toxicity tests were performed with 4 Toxkit microbiotests, based on aquatic species of different phylogenetic groups and representing different trophic levels, on 2 heavy metals (zinc and cadmium) which are common contaminants of the aquatic environment. The metals were tested out single on micro-algae (Algaltoxkit F™ with Selenastrum capricornutum), a ciliate protozoan ...
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Toxicity Screening of Surface Waters in Southern Italy with Toxkit Microbiotests
Abstract : This preliminary study reports on the toxicity of surface waters collected twice in 1997 (once in late spring and once in late autumn) at 19 sampling stations in 5 areas (Domitian, Flegrean, Regi Lagni, Vesuvian and Coast area) in the Province of Naples in Italy. The acute toxicity of the surface waters was determined with a battery composed of 4 microbiotests : the Algaltoxkit ...
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Cyst-Based Toxicity Tests. - I. A Promising New Tool for Rapid and Cost Effective Toxicity Screening of Chemicals and Effluents
Abstract : The determination of the toxicity of effluents and wastes at the aid of biological tests (bioassays) is hampered very seriously by the necessity of continuous culturing or maintenance of live stocks of test organisms in sufficient numbers and in a healthy state. Consequently such assays are (and can) only be performed in specialized laboratories and in limited number because of the ...
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Development and Validation of Toxkit Microbiotests with Invertebrates, in Particular Crustaceans
Abstract :The review first addresses the major bottleneck of conventional toxicity tests with invertebrates, namely the need for continuous culturing and/or maintenance of stocks of live test-organisms. Subsequently the history of the development and the validation of the first cyst-based microbiotests are outlined. Details are given of the large intercalibration exercises organized concurrently ...
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Cyst-Based Toxicity Tests. - III. Development and Standardization of an Acute Toxicity Test with the Freshwater Anostracan Crustacean Streptocephalus proboscideus
Abstract :A new method is presented for determination of the acute toxicity of chemicals and effluents to larvae of the freshwater anostracanStreptocephalus proboscideus(Frauenfeld), using resting eggs (cysts) as the source of test organisms. The larvae are obtained by controlled hatching of standard reference eggs. For the testing laboratory, this procedure eliminates all the difficulties ...
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