trihalomethane disinfection Articles
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Removal of natural organic matter and trihalomethane formation potential in a full-scale drinking water treatment plant
A multidisciplinary approach was applied in this work to characterise natural organic matter and evaluate the performance of a full-scale waterworks treating organic-rich surface water. It was shown that the combination of the treatment processes considered efficiently removed the dissolved organic matter, including its specific fractions. Most of the dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen (DOC ...
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Water microbial quality during drinking water treatment technology and distribution provided by two Romanian companies
Under European Economic Area Agreement, Romania and Norway have developed a project for monitoring the quality of raw and potable water (from production technology until distribution) supplied by two Romanian water companies. In the present study was investigated the microbiological quality of water, which was compared with organic matter loads. Resulting free chlorine and trihalomethane ...
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Electrochemically activated water as an alternative to chlorine for decentralized disinfection
Electrochemically activated (ECA) water is being extensively studied and considered as an alternative to chlorine for disinfection. Some researchers claim that ECA is by and large a chlorine solution, while others claim the presence of reactive oxygen species such as ozone and hydroxyl radicals in addition to chlorine. This study compares sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ECA in terms of ...
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Formation of disinfection by-products during the monochloramination of co-existing Microcystis aeruginosa and Cyclops metabolites
Microcystis aeruginosa and Cyclops exist together in their natural states. The formation of carbonaceous disinfection by-products (C-DBPs), including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, chloral hydrate (CH), and haloketones, as well as nitrogenous DBPs, including trichloronitromethane (TCNM), and haloacetonitriles, was investigated with respect to co-existing Microcystis aeruginosa and ...
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Preventing trihalomethane formation: the ability of granular activated carbon and brimac media to remove colour and total organic carbons, from drinking water in the north west of Scotland
Background: Granular activated carbon (GAC) and Brimac media has been used for many years in water treatment works to reduce and remove colour and total organic carbon (TOCs). This reduces the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) formed by disinfection with chlorine. The TOCs arise from humic and fulvic acids found in source waters for many, small, scattered remote communities in Scotland. A ...
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Assessing measurement uncertainty on trihalomethanes prediction through kinetic models in water supply systems
Disinfection of drinking water through chlorine is commonly used in many countries for reducing pathogenic infection problems, but it may pose a risk to human health due to the formation of some by-products, such as trihalomethanes (THMs). For an adequate management of the disinfection process, it is useful to have models capable of simulating THMs concentrations in water supply systems. ...
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Development of point-of-use water disinfection technology using ceramic water filter and electrochemical hybrid system
The efficiency of water disinfection using a ceramic water filter and electrochemical hybrid system was investigated. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was effectively inactivated even when a storage battery, charged using a solar panel device, was used for the electrolysis process. During electrolysis, the rate of microbial inactivation was higher at higher initial Cl− concentrations. This was ...
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Study of the effect of pipe materials and mixing phenomenon on trihalomethanes formation and diffusion in a laboratory-scale water distribution network
The objective of this study was to evaluate the factors that affect the formation and diffusion of disinfection by-products, especially trihalomethanes (THM), in a laboratory-scale water distribution network constructed with three different pipe materials. Sampling locations were chosen on the basis of residence time, pipe material and mixing zone. Water samples were collected and analyzed ...
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Factors affecting formation of disinfection by-products during chlorination of Cyclops
Effects of reaction time, chlorine dosages, pH, temperature and ammonia concentrations on the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloketones (HKs), chloral hydrate (CH), and chloropicrin (TCNM), were investigated during the chlorination of Cyclops metabolite solutions containing 4 mg/L (as total ...
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Formation potential of trihalomethanes (THMs) in blended water treated with chlorine
This study was conducted in the laboratory to assess the formation potential of trihalomethanes (THMs) in blended water under various treatment conditions. Three batches of water samples prepared by mixing desalinated (product) water and ground brackish water with three different proportions (i.e. 1:2, 1:5 and 1:10 – brackish:product water) were treated with three concentration levels of calcium ...
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Water residence time in a distribution system and its impact on disinfectant residuals and trihalomethanes
The most critical water quality conditions are generally found at a water distribution network's extremities, given their high residence times. As chlorine injected at the water treatment plant (WTP) or at rechlorination sites has more time to react, residual chlorine concentrations at the extremities may not be enough to prevent microbial regrowth. This study focuses on the relationships between ...
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THM Removal in a 1MG Steel ground storage tank - Case study
>75% reduction in TTHMs achieved. Topics: trihalomethane reduction, spray aeration Contact Information Further information may be available upon request. Please contact Medora Corporation via phone at 866-437-8076 or by e-mail, info@medoraco.com Tank / Reservoir Build Information: Volume: 1 MG Type: Ground Storage Tank (GST) Construction: Welded Steel Height: 25 feet Diameter: 85 ...
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Using HPSEC to identify NOM fraction removal and the correlation with disinfection by-product precursors
In this study high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) was used to compare an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane and alum coagulation for their capacity to remove different fractions of natural organic matter (NOM) from water. At the same time, the removal of disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors, as measured by trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) and haloacetic acid ...
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Evaluation of DBPs formation from SMPs exposed to chlorine, chloramine and ozone
Soluble microbial products (SMPs) are an important group of components in wastewater effluents. In this study, the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), chlorinated solvents (CSs), haloketones (HKs), haloacetonitriles (HANs) and trichloronitromethane (TCNM) (chloropicrin), from SMPs during chlorination, chloramination and ...
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Disinfection byproduct formation kinetics of a water treatment plant on Kinmen Island
Chloramine has often been used as a chlorine alternative for trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) control. However, nitrogenous disinfection byproduct (N-DBP) formation and nitrification in distribution have always been major concerns in chloramination practices. On Kinmen Island, the high organic nitrogen content in raw water may increase the nitrogenous DBP formation. Simulated ...
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Oxidation and volatilization of bromide by electrolysis in drinking water
To reduce the concentrations of brominated disinfection by-products, a process is presented here which removes bromide from a widely used surface water source, the California State Water Project (SWP). The process consists of oxidizing bromide to bromine and volatilizing the bromine. SWP water was passed through this unit under various conditions and the bromide was oxidized and volatilized under ...
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Catalytic Carbons Help Remove Chloramine
Untitled Document Summary: Where chlorine creates high levels of trihalomethanes (THMs), chloramine can be an alternative for disinfecting drinking water. Removing it at the point of use (POU), however, can be more difficult than removing chlorine. When your job requires chloramine removal, you may consider using catalytic activated carbons. To view ...
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Selective DBP Precursor Removal with an Innovative Ion Exchange Process
The City of Chesapeake, Virginia has provided a reliable and safe drinking water to its customers for many years. The City has been providing this drinking water despite a water supply that is extremely high in organics with seasonal outbreaks of chlorides. As a result, the 10-mgd Northwest River Water Treatment Plant receives water that is frequently difficult-to-treat. This water requires very ...
By Ixom
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Correlations between surrogate nitrogenous organic precursors and C-, N-DBP formation
Nitrosamines have been emerging as disinfection byproducts in drinking water using source water impacted with domestic wastewaters. Nitrogenous organic compounds are suggested as precursors of nitrosamines, but many of them have not been identified. This study investigated the correlations between nine selected nitrogenous organic compounds with different characteristics and corresponding ...
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Direct injection ion chromatography for the control of chlorinated drinking water: simultaneous estimation of nine haloacetic acids and quantitation of bromate, chlorite and chlorate along with the major inorganic anions
Most methods for the analysis of haloacetic acids published in recent years are based on ion chromatography with direct injection, employing a gradient elution with potassium hydroxide (KOH). This work reports the exploration of an alternative eluent, a buffer of sodium carbonate/sodium hydrogen carbonate, aimed at the simultaneous analysis of nine haloacetic acids along with bromate, chlorite ...
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