water distribution hydraulic Articles
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Merged two-level optimization for optimal pump operation of large scale urban water distribution system
Subsequent to the least cost design problem of water distribution systems (WDSs), optimal operation is probably the most explored topic. Since 1970 a variety of methods have been developed to address this problem. Although the proposed methods give theoretic ways for solving optimal operation problems of WDSs, there are little successful application cases in practice, especially when the ...
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Equivalent hydraulic resistance to simulate pipes subject to diffuse outflows
In water distribution network simulation models, pipes subject to diffuse outflow, either due to connections or to distributed demand or to leaks along their length, are generally converted into pipe elements only subject to lumped demand at their ending nodes. This approximation, which disregards the flow variation along the pipes, generates a loss of axial momentum, which is not correctly taken ...
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Water distribution network calibration using enhanced GGA and topological analysis
The calibration of hydraulic models of water distribution networks (WDN) is of preeminent importance for their analysis and management. It is usually achieved by solving a constrained optimization problem based on some priors on decision variables and the demand-driven simulation of the entire network, given the observations of some hydraulic status variables (i.e. typically nodal heads and ...
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Practical evaluation of inorganic contaminant presence in a drinking water distribution system after hydraulic disturbance
The accumulation of loose deposits in a drinking water distribution system (DWDS) is a potential risk for water quality. In this work, hydraulic disturbance was simulated in different areas of a large DWDS. The water quality features before and after the disturbance were compared, and the solid deposits captured from different experimental sites were characterized. The results showed that the ...
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Water distribution network sectorisation using graph theory and many-objective optimisation
The water distribution network (WDN) sectorisation problem is characterised by structural and hydraulic requirements that make existing graph partitioning techniques inadequate to find a good solution. Specifically, sector isolation and direct access to at least one source for each sector are not addressed. This study proposes a method to address structural requirements of water network ...
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The extension of EPANET source code to simulate unsteady flow in water distribution networks with variable head tanks
This paper describes the modifications applied to EPANET, a public-domain water distribution system modelling software package, that does not correctly compute the hydraulics of a water distribution network (WDN) with variable tank heads in (slow) unsteady flow conditions. Firstly the methodology adopted to extend the Global Gradient Algorithm (GGA) implemented in the original EPANET source ...
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Uncertainty quantification of pressure-driven analysis for water distribution network modeling
The hydraulic analysis of water distribution networks (WDNs) is divided into two approaches: namely, a demand-driven analysis (DDA) and a pressure-driven analysis (PDA). In the DDA, the basic assumption is that the nodal demand is fully supplied irrespective of the nodal pressure, which is mainly suitable for normal operating conditions. However, in abnormal conditions, such as pipe failures ...
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Pipe roughness calibration in water distribution systems using grey numbers
This paper presents a procedure based on the use of grey numbers for the calibration (with uncertainty) of pipe roughness in water distribution systems. The pipe roughness uncertainty is represented through the grey number amplitude (or interval). The procedure is of a wholly general nature and can be applied for the calibration (with uncertainty) of other parameters or quantities, such as nodal ...
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Water regionalization study
Client: Tri-County Regional Planning Commission Completion Date: 1992 Services Provided Master planning Water supply and distribution planning Hydraulic modeling Customer and demand projections Cost estimating Economic comparison Regulatory review Statutory review Project Summary Burns & McDonnell completed a Water Regionalization Study for the Tri-County Regional ...
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Cost-effective sensors placement and leak localization – the Neptun pilot of the ICeWater project
This paper extends previous research to analytically identify leaks within a water distribution network (WDN), by combining hydraulic simulation and network science based data analysis techniques. The WDN model is used to run several ‘leakage scenarios’, by varying leak location (pipe) and severity, and to build a dataset with corresponding variations in pressure and flow, induced ...
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Multivariate statistical analysis for water demand modelling: implementation, performance analysis, and comparison with the PRP model
Water demand is the driving force behind hydraulic dynamics in water distribution systems. Consequently, it is crucial to accurately estimate the actual water use to develop reliable simulation models. In this study, copula-based multivariate analysis was proposed and used for demand prediction for a given return period. The analysis was applied to water consumption data collected in the ...
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A GIS-based water distribution model for Zhengzhou city, China
Many water companies in China are developing GIS as a computer-based tool, for mapping and analyzing objects and events that happen on a water distribution network. However, only a few companies have taken a further step to develop a hydraulic model based on GIS, and Zhengzhou Water Supply Corporation is one of them. The WaterGEMS V8 XM from Bentley is used to develop the hydraulic model for the ...
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Environmental Engineering case study
USX Corporation, Fairless Hill, Bucks County Evaluated hydraulics of water distribution system and its capability to meet very high fire flow requirements for Industrial Park. Assisted with presentation and discussion with Falls Township. Upper Makefield Township, The Arbors Reviewed and approved design of water supply system for new age-restricted development, as an addition to the ...
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Water distribution system model calibration under uncertainty environments
The calibration process of water distribution system models allows for accurate and reliable hydraulic analysis results. Thus, calibration is of utmost importance if adequate operation and maintenance model-based procedures are sought. However, in emerging economies, there is a series of factors that make it more difficult to construct accurate models, including very poor information management, ...
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Strategies for the electric regulation of pressure control valves
In water distribution networks (WDNs), the classic pressure control valves (PCVs) are mechanical/hydraulic devices aimed at maintaining the target pressure just downstream or upstream of the PCV pipe, namely pressure reduction or sustaining valves. From a modelling standpoint, the major drawback of such local control is that classic PCVs may require target pressure varying over time with the ...
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A history of water distribution systems and their optimisation
Water distribution systems have a very long and rich history dating back to the third millennium B.C. Advances in water supply and distribution were followed in parallel by discoveries and inventions in other related fields. Therefore, it is the aim of this paper to review both the history of water distribution systems and those related fields in order to present a coherent summary of the ...
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Tracer study to verify hydraulic limits and determine water residence times in a distribution system: Part I
This study introduces a methodology for assessing the residence times of drinking water in distribution systems using a tracer. The injection of a tracer followed by an intensive sampling campaign was used to evaluate the residence times of water in Quebec City's main system, which is supplied by the St Charles River. Samples were also analysed to determine the hardness and conductivity ...
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Integrating evolution strategies and genetic algorithms with agent-based modeling for flushing a contaminated water distribution system
Water utilities can prepare for water distribution hazards, such as the presence of contaminants in the pipe network and failure of physical components. In contamination events, the complex interactions among managers' operational decisions, consumers' water consumption choices, and the hydraulics and contaminant transport in the water distribution system may influence the ...
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Influence of cavitation phenomenon on the hydraulic behavior of leaks in water distribution systems
This paper examines the hydraulic behavior of leakage from water distribution systems under condition of cavitation. For this purpose, an experimental model featuring small (i.e., a fraction of a millimeter) orifice openings was designed and built to simulate idealized cracks in defective pipes. During the tests, water was allowed to flow through the cracks at controlled pressures during ...
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Risk-based sensor placement methods for burst/leak detection in water distribution systems
The optimal placement of sensors for burst/leak detection in water distribution systems is usually formulated as an optimisation problem. In this study three different risk-based functions are used to drive optimal location of a given number of sensors in a water distribution network. A simple function based on likelihood of leak non-detection is compared with two other risk-based functions, ...
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