water distribution pipe Articles
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Review of rehabilitation strategies for water distribution pipes
Effective rehabilitation strategies for water pipes play a very important role in both sustaining the reliability of water distribution systems and reducing costs. Pipe breakage prediction models provide a platform for effective rehabilitation strategies. The strength of the rehabilitation strategies is just an extension to those predictive models. There are different techniques and methods for ...
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Probabilistic modeling of cast iron water distribution pipe corrosion
Due to the random nature of the corrosion process, stochastic approaches are more appropriate to mathematically represent the corrosion depths on metallic objects. Based on data from 202 pipes, a model was developed to compute the probability of finding maximal corrosion depth in a given interval of values for 150-mm cast iron water distribution pipes. Only the age of pipes was taken into ...
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Life Cycle Analysis of Water Networks
Abstract Water authorities around the world are faced with the problem of ageing distribution networks and often only limited historical data on which to base a sound long term, cost efficient replacement policy. The LICAN approach to whole of life costing is introduced and a hypothetical case study is used to demonstrate the importance of such an approach. A selection of pipe networks utilizing ...
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Influence of porous media on intrusion rate into water distribution pipes
Untreated water can intrude into water distribution systems through pipe leaks and cracks when negative pressure events occur inside drinking water pipelines. The orifice equation is typically used for calculation of intrusion flow rate, which ignores the impact of the soil surrounding the pipeline. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the effect of porous ...
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Thermally induced strains and stresses in cast iron water distribution pipes: an experimental investigation
Full-scale tests have been carried out on lengths of unrestrained and restrained plain and jointed distribution pipe sections (∼4″ or ∼100 mm internal diameter) in order to investigate the strains and loads generated in cast iron water distribution mains as a result of temperature fluctuations. Tests on unrestrained sections enabled the coefficient of thermal expansion of the pipe material to be ...
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Application of unidirectional flushing in water distribution pipes
In this study unidirectional flushing (UDF) was conducted to improve the effectiveness of deposit removal from internal pipe walls and to provide information on pipe networks to enable operators to implement flushing in field. Four ductile cast iron pipes with epoxy-lined and cement-lined were selected for the practice of UDF. Water pressure was measured using a data logger equipped with a ...
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Impact of elevated Ca2+/Mg2+ concentrations of reverse osmosis membrane desalinated seawater on the stability of water pipe materials
Hardness and alkalinity are known factors influencing the chemical stability of desalinated water. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on corrosion and/or scale formation on the surface of different water distribution pipe materials under tropical conditions. The corrosion rates of ductile iron, cast iron and cement-lined ductile iron coupons were ...
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Pipe roughness calibration in water distribution systems using grey numbers
This paper presents a procedure based on the use of grey numbers for the calibration (with uncertainty) of pipe roughness in water distribution systems. The pipe roughness uncertainty is represented through the grey number amplitude (or interval). The procedure is of a wholly general nature and can be applied for the calibration (with uncertainty) of other parameters or quantities, such as nodal ...
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The use of life cycle assessment for evaluating the sustainability of the Amsterdam water cycle
Waternet, the water cycle company of Amsterdam and surrounding areas, uses the life cycle assessment (LCA) method to evaluate the environmental impact of investment decisions and to determine the potential reduction of direct and indirect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of different alternatives. This approach enables Waternet to fulfil its corporate objective to improve sustainability and to ...
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Optimization of water distribution system by split pipe method: a rule of thumb
This research work intends to develop a thumb rule to find a suitable location for the split pipe to get the optimal solution with less effort. Furthermore, the equivalent pipe concept was applied to find the exact lengths of the split diameters. To achieve this objective, two schemes were selected: Anytown network (a literature network), and a planned and flat Central Park housing scheme in ...
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Equivalent hydraulic resistance to simulate pipes subject to diffuse outflows
In water distribution network simulation models, pipes subject to diffuse outflow, either due to connections or to distributed demand or to leaks along their length, are generally converted into pipe elements only subject to lumped demand at their ending nodes. This approximation, which disregards the flow variation along the pipes, generates a loss of axial momentum, which is not correctly taken ...
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Study of hydraulics and mixing in roof tanks used in intermittent water supply
Roof tanks are common in low and middle income countries, due to the intermittent water supply. Their hydraulic and water mixing behaviour has not been studied. This paper presents the results of a study on mixing and water demand in roof tanks, based on physical and numerical models. Tracer tests were carried out on a real scale transparent wall laboratory model of a roof tank, and a ...
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Hydrogel floc nature and biogenic constituents of drinking water discolouration deposits
Loose deposits (LD) develop and accumulate in drinking water distribution systems' (DWDS) pipes and often lead to discolouration incidents, which are a major reason for customers' complaints. In addition, LD may accumulate contaminants, while discolouration may be accompanied by degradation of the water's microbiological quality. Along with iron oxides, organic compounds ...
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Experimental investigation of leak hydraulics
In recent decades the hydraulics of leaks, i.e. the definition of the relationships linking the hydraulic quantities in pipes with leaks, has received increasing attention. On the one hand, the definition of the relationship between the leak outflow and the relevant parameters – e.g. the leak area and shape, the pressure inside the pipe and outside the leak, and the pipe material ...
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Testing linear solvers for global gradient algorithm
Steady-state Water Distribution Network models compute pipe flows and nodal heads for assumed nodal demands, pipe hydraulic resistances, etc. The nonlinear mathematical problem is based on energy and mass conservation laws which is solved by using global linearization techniques, such as global gradient algorithm (GGA). The matrix of coefficients of the linear system inside GGA belongs to the ...
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Analysis of the impact of intermittent distribution by modelling the network-filling process
In many countries, users acquire private tanks to reduce their vulnerability to water scarcity. In such conditions, water managers often apply intermittent distribution in order to reduce the water volumes supplied to the users. This practice modifies the hydraulic behaviour of the network and determines competition among users that need to collect enough water resource for their uses. ...
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Characteristics of pipe-scale in the pipes of an urban drinking water distribution system in eastern China
Pipes that carry drinking water have gradually aged. Events occurring with increasing frequency, such as substandard water quality in residential taps, red water, and black water, reveal the deterioration of the chemical stability of a drinking water distribution system (DWDS). Pipes in the DWDS serving City S, located in eastern China, were sampled to analyze the concentration and ...
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Israel/Haifa: Cutting water loss by more than half in a rigorous process - Case Study
Introduction Haifa is Israel’s third-largest city with a population of over 250,000. It is in the very north of Israel, close to the border to Lebanon and beautifully situated on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. Mei Carmel is a public corporation founded in 2010 as a spin-off from the municipal government with the aim to improving the public service level to the residents of Haifa. Mei ...
By Gutermann AG
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Comparing the microbial risks associated with household drinking water supplies used in peri-urban communities of Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Most Cambodians lack access to a safe source of drinking water. Piped distribution systems are typically limited to major urban centers in Cambodia, and the remaining population relies on a variety of surface, rain, and groundwater sources. This study examines the household water supplies available to Phnom Penh's resettled peri-urban residents through a case-study approach of two ...
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New Fluidyne ISAM - Integrated Surge Anoxic Mix SBR Excels in Port Hood, Nova Scotia - Case Study
We are proud to announce that Fluidyne's SBR solution was the Atlantic Canada Wastewater Treatment Plant of the Year for: Client: Municipality of the County of Inverness Solution: Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) Background: The rural coastal community of Port Hood, N.S. with a population of around 1300 people, like many other small Nova Scotia communities has aging municipal infrastructure. In ...
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