water distribution piping Articles
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Review of rehabilitation strategies for water distribution pipes
Effective rehabilitation strategies for water pipes play a very important role in both sustaining the reliability of water distribution systems and reducing costs. Pipe breakage prediction models provide a platform for effective rehabilitation strategies. The strength of the rehabilitation strategies is just an extension to those predictive models. There are different techniques and methods for ...
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Probabilistic modeling of cast iron water distribution pipe corrosion
Due to the random nature of the corrosion process, stochastic approaches are more appropriate to mathematically represent the corrosion depths on metallic objects. Based on data from 202 pipes, a model was developed to compute the probability of finding maximal corrosion depth in a given interval of values for 150-mm cast iron water distribution pipes. Only the age of pipes was taken into ...
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Application of unidirectional flushing in water distribution pipes
In this study unidirectional flushing (UDF) was conducted to improve the effectiveness of deposit removal from internal pipe walls and to provide information on pipe networks to enable operators to implement flushing in field. Four ductile cast iron pipes with epoxy-lined and cement-lined were selected for the practice of UDF. Water pressure was measured using a data logger equipped with a ...
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Influence of porous media on intrusion rate into water distribution pipes
Untreated water can intrude into water distribution systems through pipe leaks and cracks when negative pressure events occur inside drinking water pipelines. The orifice equation is typically used for calculation of intrusion flow rate, which ignores the impact of the soil surrounding the pipeline. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the effect of porous ...
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Life Cycle Analysis of Water Networks
Abstract Water authorities around the world are faced with the problem of ageing distribution networks and often only limited historical data on which to base a sound long term, cost efficient replacement policy. The LICAN approach to whole of life costing is introduced and a hypothetical case study is used to demonstrate the importance of such an approach. A selection of pipe networks utilizing ...
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Thermally induced strains and stresses in cast iron water distribution pipes: an experimental investigation
Full-scale tests have been carried out on lengths of unrestrained and restrained plain and jointed distribution pipe sections (∼4″ or ∼100 mm internal diameter) in order to investigate the strains and loads generated in cast iron water distribution mains as a result of temperature fluctuations. Tests on unrestrained sections enabled the coefficient of thermal expansion of the pipe material to be ...
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Impact of elevated Ca2+/Mg2+ concentrations of reverse osmosis membrane desalinated seawater on the stability of water pipe materials
Hardness and alkalinity are known factors influencing the chemical stability of desalinated water. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on corrosion and/or scale formation on the surface of different water distribution pipe materials under tropical conditions. The corrosion rates of ductile iron, cast iron and cement-lined ductile iron coupons were ...
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The use of life cycle assessment for evaluating the sustainability of the Amsterdam water cycle
Waternet, the water cycle company of Amsterdam and surrounding areas, uses the life cycle assessment (LCA) method to evaluate the environmental impact of investment decisions and to determine the potential reduction of direct and indirect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of different alternatives. This approach enables Waternet to fulfil its corporate objective to improve sustainability and to ...
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Pipe roughness calibration in water distribution systems using grey numbers
This paper presents a procedure based on the use of grey numbers for the calibration (with uncertainty) of pipe roughness in water distribution systems. The pipe roughness uncertainty is represented through the grey number amplitude (or interval). The procedure is of a wholly general nature and can be applied for the calibration (with uncertainty) of other parameters or quantities, such as nodal ...
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On the prediction of underground water pipe failures: zero inflation and pipe-specific effects
The prediction of pipe failures in water distribution systems is an essential planning tool for water companies. Previous methods focus on the prediction of either future failure numbers or aspects of pipe condition. However, most of these only predict at the level of large pipe groups (of similar characteristics) and often cannot provide uncertainty bounds. Here, a new statistical method is ...
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Comparative analysis of different probability distributions of random parameters in the assessment of water distribution system reliability
During recent years, several methods based on the probabilistic approach have been proposed for the analysis of the performance of water distribution systems (WDSs). Uncertain elements are described by probabilistic laws chosen and parameterised on the basis of the network characteristics. However, the choice of the most suitable probabilistic distribution and of the statistical parameters can ...
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Equivalent hydraulic resistance to simulate pipes subject to diffuse outflows
In water distribution network simulation models, pipes subject to diffuse outflow, either due to connections or to distributed demand or to leaks along their length, are generally converted into pipe elements only subject to lumped demand at their ending nodes. This approximation, which disregards the flow variation along the pipes, generates a loss of axial momentum, which is not correctly taken ...
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Study of hydraulics and mixing in roof tanks used in intermittent water supply
Roof tanks are common in low and middle income countries, due to the intermittent water supply. Their hydraulic and water mixing behaviour has not been studied. This paper presents the results of a study on mixing and water demand in roof tanks, based on physical and numerical models. Tracer tests were carried out on a real scale transparent wall laboratory model of a roof tank, and a ...
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Optimization of water distribution system by split pipe method: a rule of thumb
This research work intends to develop a thumb rule to find a suitable location for the split pipe to get the optimal solution with less effort. Furthermore, the equivalent pipe concept was applied to find the exact lengths of the split diameters. To achieve this objective, two schemes were selected: Anytown network (a literature network), and a planned and flat Central Park housing scheme in ...
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Life cycle cost analysis of water supply infrastructure affected by low rainfall in Ethiopia
This paper challenges the assumption that low cost CAPEX (capital expenditure) water supply infrastructure provides reduced life cycle costs when compared with higher cost CAPEX investments. The assumption is applied through a comparison of 10 years of financial data (2006–2016) from point source water supplies (accompanied by Emergency Expenditure – EMMEX investments – emergency water ...
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WaterNetGen: an EPANET extension for automatic water distribution network models generation and pipe sizing
This paper focuses on the generation of synthetic models of water distribution networks (WDN). Models are widely used in many fields related with WDN planning and operation. Therefore, the main contribution of this work is to provide an automatic procedure to build models with the well-known EPANET tool in a manner that, with a small amount of input data and a few clicks, the user can build a ...
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Water distribution network simulation by optimization approaches
When a fire-flow condition occurs and a nodal demand is excessive or when a pipe breaks, a water distribution system (WDS) may temporarily become deficient and unable to satisfy all nodal demands. Thus, estimation of the influences of failure conditions on the network is needed. A method for analyzing the hydraulic condition of the network in such a situation is proposed. The method, which is ...
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Experimental investigation of leak hydraulics
In recent decades the hydraulics of leaks, i.e. the definition of the relationships linking the hydraulic quantities in pipes with leaks, has received increasing attention. On the one hand, the definition of the relationship between the leak outflow and the relevant parameters – e.g. the leak area and shape, the pressure inside the pipe and outside the leak, and the pipe material ...
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Mixing at double-Tee junctions with unequal pipe sizes in water distribution systems
Pipe flow mixing with various solute concentrations and flow rates at pipe junctions is investigated. The degree of mixing affects contaminant spread in a water distribution system, and many studies have focused on mixing at the cross junctions; however, only a few have focused on double-Tee junctions of unequal pipe diameters. To investigate the solute mixing at such junctions, a series of ...
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Development of central force optimization for pipe-sizing of water distribution networks
Due to the economic crisis and water scarcity happening in recent years, many researchers have focused on the water distribution network optimization problem. On this specified subject, all recent research has applied stochastic meta-heuristic algorithms to solve these sets of problems. In this study, the application of a novel deterministic physically inspired heuristic algorithm for ...
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