water hardness Articles
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SCA Packaging Germany - Case Study
OVERVIEW SCA Packaging is a European leading packaging company of customer-specific packaging with emphasis on state-of-art packaging design and local service close to customer facilities. With a product portfolio that includes transit packaging, consumer packaging, displays and promotional packaging, customized protective packaging and industrial packaging. SCA Packaging operates 260 ...
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Energy cost reduction through online water quality monitoring
Find out how high water hardness affects any sort of process water facility and how we can help you decrease your plant's operational costs. ...
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How can I measure temporary and permanent water hardness?
Hard water is water with high levels of dissolved minerals, and usually occurs in areas where limestone and chalk are common. These minerals can be divided into two types, and so hardness is often considered in two categories – permanent and temporary water hardness. So how can we measure water hardness? Can we measure temporary and permanent hardness separately? Types of Water Hardness ...
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Phoenix Paper Mill in China
The Site: Phoenix paper mill is situated at Nanning, China where water hardness is aboye 200ppm. Every two weeks, production at the factory had to be stopped for 1 day for cleaning because of hard scale formation at different parts of the production une. A Chinese made electronic descaler was used before and proved to be a total failure. The client didn’t want to spend any more money to remove ...
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Acute Toxicity Tests with Streptocephalus Proboscideus (Crustacea / Branchipoda / Anostraca) : Influence of Selected Environmental Conditions
Abstract : The influence of selected environmental conditions on the acute toxicity of 3 selected chemicals (K2Cr2O7, CuSO4and Na pentachlorophenate) to instar II-III larvae ofStreptocephalus proboscideuswas evaluated. Mortality after a 24 h incubation was used as effect criterion. Factorial experiments were set up resulting to 25 different combinations of temperature and water hardness. The ...
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FS Karton GmbH (MM Karton Group) Neuss Rheinland Germany - Case Study
OVERVIEW MM Karton Group / FS Karton is no. 2 in Europe in the package processing industry. The factory uses river water for their paper mill processes including vacuum pump cooling, paper rolls cooling systems and the high pressure water nozzles. WATER SYSTEM CHALLENGES The plant had suffered general scale problem at all technical facilities because of the high water hardness. The ...
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Lead toxicity to Lemna minor predicted using a metal speciation chemistry approach
In the present study, predictive measures for Pb toxicity and L. minor were developed from bioassays with 7 surface waters having varied chemistries (i.e., 0.5 to 12.5 mg/L dissolved organic carbon (DOC), pH 5.4 to 8.3 and water hardness 8 to 266 mg/L CaCO3). As expected based on water quality, 10, 20 and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC) values expressed as percent net root elongation (%NRE) ...
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Cleaners concentration using foam height
SUMMARY The foam level is proportional to the concentration of the cleaner. The concentration of each cleaner (Micro-90, Micro Green Clean, Micro A07, Surface-Cleanse/930, and Zymit Pro) may be estimated by entering the cleaner's foam height into the equations for either the blender method or the graduated cylinder method. The equations in this report should be used as a guideline only. It is ...
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Water analysis
A complete tap water analysis includes the determination of the pH value, the alkalinity and the total water hardness. Both the pH measurement and the pH titration by means of a standard pH electrode suffer from several drawbacks. First, the response time of several minutes is too long and, above all, the stirring rate significantly influences the measured pH value. Unlike these standard pH ...
By Metrohm AG
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Calcium in Water and Wastewater Removal
While calcium could provide health benefits in low quantity, it is one of the various dissolved minerals that make water hard. That hard water wreaks havoc on piping and plumbing over time, especially in wastewater treatment applications. As a result, we need to remove calcium from water to avoid scaling and clogging of piping and industrial machinery. The most common methods include reverse ...
By YASA ET
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Aguas De Saltillo (Saltillo Water Works) N.L., Mexico - Case Study
OVERVIEW Saltillo (population 80,000) is the capital and largest city of the northeastern Mexican state of Coahuila. The city is located about 400 km (250 mi) south of the U.S. state of Texas, and 90 km (56 mi) west of Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico. WATER SYSTEM CHALLENGES City water has high hardness which coats the internal water system with scale, causing water flow restrictions, a ...
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Ion ScaleBuster Water Conditioning - University Student Residence - Case Study
OVERVIEW In July 1996, a 4” ION ScaleBuster® SB100 was installed at the student residence to protect the cold water taps, WCs and unvented hot water cylinders. WATER SYSTEM CHALLENGES Annual water consumption of the building (which went through the ION ScaleBuster®) was 11,587 cubic meters. In Brighton (the southern England coast region) the water is hard to very hard – ...
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Well pad and oilfield clean-up and periodic hygiene
UniRemTech's PRP® and OILBUSTER® are specially designed for remediating oil spills of various types. PRP® and OILBUSTER® are easy to apply manually, with a granular spreader or with a hydroseeder/sprayer. Once applied, they immediately and continuously absorb the oil and other hydrocarbons that it contacts. The PRP® and other ingredients comprise nutrients that help naturally ...
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Biotic Ligand Model of the Acute Toxicity of Metals, 2. Application to acute copper toxicity in Freshwater Fish and Daphnia
The biotic ligand model (BLM) was developed to explain and predict the effects of water chemistry on the acute toxicity of metals to aquatic organisms. The biotic ligand is defined as a specific receptor within an organism where metal complexation leads to acute toxicity. The BLM is designed to predict metal interactions at the biotic ligand within the context of aqueous metal speciation and ...
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Acute and chronic toxicity of sodium sulfate to four freshwater organisms in water‐only exposures
The acute and chronic toxicity of sulfate (tested as sodium sulfate) were determined in diluted well water (hardness of 100 mg/L and pH 8.2) with a cladoceran (Ceriodaphnia dubia; 2‐ and 7‐d exposures), a midge (Chironomus dilutus; 4‐ and 41‐d exposures), a unionid mussel (pink mucket, Lampsilis abrupta; 4‐ and 28‐d exposures), and a fish (fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas; 4‐ and 34‐d ...
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A look to Specialized Electrocoagulation for Water Hardness Removal
Innovation in Water Remediation, A look to Specialized Electrocoagulation for Water Hardness Removal Hardness in water can be characterized into its primary constituent mineral components, typically calcium and magnesium. Excess water hardness in a water supply creates many issues for industry, utilities and life in general. Calcium and magnesium which are the principal sources of ...
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Ion ScaleBuster Water Conditioning - Hardness Reduction System Replaced Ion Exchange Softener - Case Study
OVERVIEW Chemical and Maintenance Free Water Conditioning and hardness reduction. WATER SYSTEM CHALLENGES Originally, the plant had operated water softener (ion exchange technology) however had faced 2 problems: new local by-law had prevented draining brine (regeneration by-product) into sewage and the high cost of repairs required for the softening system. Due to the high cost of downtime and ...
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Experiencing Ecological Sanitation (Eco-San) in Kenia
Many cultures have understood the value of urine and faeces for agricultural purposes for centuries, and latrine designs based on the concepts of ecological sanitation have been used in Asia and parts of Africa for hundreds of years. So far, Ecological Sanitation (Eco-San) has made little progress in Africa despite decades of promotion by donors. The practical and environmental benefits of ...
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Sensitivity Comparison of the ISO Daphnia and Algal Test Procedures with Toxkit Microbiotests
Abstract : A short comparative study has been made on the sensitivity of 2 conventional bioassays (the ISO Daphnia magna immobilization test and the ISO algal growth inhibition test with Scenedesmus quadricauda) and 3 Toxkit microbiotests : the Daphtoxkit F™ magna, also with D. magna, the Thamnotoxkit F™ with the crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus, and the Algaltoxkit F™ assay ...
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Non Chemical Hardwater Scale Prevention System Specified worldwide
Scaling caused by hard water is a major cause of energy wastage as well as providing maintenance problems. Fluid Dynamics is the leading supplier of environment friendly solutions to the problems of hard water scale numbering many of the world’s leading companies among its customer s. Kelloggs, Unilever, Kimberley Clark to name but a few. Increasingly Fluid Dynamics scale preventers are ...
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