water piping Articles
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A practical decision scheme for the prioritization of water pipe replacement
Most water distribution networks are assemblies of buried elements which makes their diagnosis complex and requires implementing an asset management (AM) policy of actions performed in the short, medium and long terms. To implement such an AM, decision makers must diagnose the condition of the asset by developing specific tools for establishing priorities between assets and plan the actions ...
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Evaluating the pressure-leakage behaviour of leaks in water pipes
Much progress has been made over the last decade in understanding the behaviour of flow through leak openings with changes in water mains pressure. In particular it has been established that variations in leak areas with pressure is the main factor responsible for the range of leakage exponents observed in practice, and several numerical and experimental studies have investigated this ...
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1 - 20% Decrease in Hagihon`s NRW & Continuous Decline in Pipe Bursts Case Study
Results from a recent study by HaGihon indicate a substantial improvement in NRW (Non-Revenue-Water) in the DMAs in which Aquarius Spectrum’s system was installed and continuously operated during a period of two years (2014-2015). NRW was reduced in those neighborhoods by 20%, mainly due to locating and fixing hidden leaks and repairing malfunctioning equipment located by Aquarius. In ...
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Project - Construction Site
We installed Sferasol within several building sites. In these cases, once interiors are done, and connections to the water supply are predisposed, Sferasol send the collectors directly to the construction site for the installation. The plumber has just to connect pipes and power supply. Usually water pipes, made by thermal insulated copper tubes, are laid into a 40-50 cms deep dig. After that, ...
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A novel freeze protection strategy for shallow buried sewer pipes: temperature modelling and field investigation
The burial of sewer and water pipes below the maximum ground frost depth can be very costly and laborious in regions with cold winters. If a freeze protection measure is applied, the utility lines can be installed in a shallower trench to reduce the excavation needs. One freeze protection measure, so called heat tracing, consists of supplying heat along the pipes. In this work, the use of 4th ...
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Analysis of the chemical form of iron in water pipes using XAFS measurements
Yellow and red metal oxides are commonly found on deteriorated water pipes and it has been reported that their main component is iron. X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy is an effective method which can be used to measure the chemical form of metals. However, when the iron concentration in water samples is extremely low, XAFS measurement and analysis can be difficult due to ...
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Biocorrosion in drinking water pipes
Copper is widely used in drinking water distribution systems due to its relatively low cost and favorable mechanical properties. However, copper corrosion may generate copper concentrations exceeding the thresholds prescribed by international drinking water standards. In-situ measurements performed in an actual system found that the copper mass released under flowing water conditions (pipe ...
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Quadratic approximations for pipe friction
This paper develops quadratic approximations to the classical models of Darcy–Weisbach and Hazen–Williams for frictional head loss in water pipes. Key elements of the technique are selecting the approximation domain and minimizing the relative error. A comparison for individual pipes over a range of diameter, roughness, and Reynolds number showed that the approximation provides ...
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Mean values of water pipe breakage rates around the world and in geographical areas
One of the most frequently used parameters in water supply systems is the pipe breakage rate, which is often expressed by λ. Its definition can be deterministic or probabilistic, but both definitions lead to the same value under certain assumptions. This parameter can be defined per unit time only or per unit time and per unit length of the pipes (using a kilometre as the unit of ...
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Probabilistic modeling of cast iron water distribution pipe corrosion
Due to the random nature of the corrosion process, stochastic approaches are more appropriate to mathematically represent the corrosion depths on metallic objects. Based on data from 202 pipes, a model was developed to compute the probability of finding maximal corrosion depth in a given interval of values for 150-mm cast iron water distribution pipes. Only the age of pipes was taken into ...
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On the prediction of underground water pipe failures: zero inflation and pipe-specific effects
The prediction of pipe failures in water distribution systems is an essential planning tool for water companies. Previous methods focus on the prediction of either future failure numbers or aspects of pipe condition. However, most of these only predict at the level of large pipe groups (of similar characteristics) and often cannot provide uncertainty bounds. Here, a new statistical method is ...
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Nothing phases T-T controls case study
On Thursday 24th March 2011 a London Underground tube line was suspended after a station was flooded by water leaking from the fountains at Trafalgar Square. Contractors working for the Greater London Assembly accidentally chopped through a section of water pipe which feeds the fountains. The London fire brigade was called shortly after 10am with one engine on the scene to pump out water which ...
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large diameter PE100 HDPE pipes polyethylene pipes HDPE water pipe price list
Large diameter PE100 HDPE pipes polyethylene pipes HDPE water pipe price list1. Are you manufacture? YES, we are manufacture. 2. Do you provide free sample? YES, we supply you free sample within one day. 3. What is your deivery time? Our delivery time is normally 7 to 15 days after deposit received. 4. What is the payment terms? *T/T, 30 of deposit, balance paid refer to copy BL. *L/C at ...
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How to utilize grounding modes in electrochemical experiments
In a typical electrochemical experimental setup, the working electrode is not directly connected to the ground. This allows the use of a grounded potentiostat/galvanostat (PGSTAT) for the electrochemical research. However, there are times when electrochemists need to experiment with working electrodes that are intrinsically grounded (e.g., for water pipes, rebar in concrete, etc.). There are ...
By Metrohm AG
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SePem 300
Detect leaks in your water pipe network by remote surveillance. The measurement data gathered can be sent securely and conveniently from the measurement location to a PC or server by roaming wherever there is a mobile phone network. By always using the strongest mobile phone network at the spot, a consistently optimal connection is ensured. The SePem 300 logger can be purchased including a data ...
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ThyssenKrupp Residential Real Estate Group Germany - Case Study
OVERVIEW ThyssenKrupp, a German industry leader in residential property management, managed 48,000 apartments and had a market worth of $2.9 billion Euro when it was sold in late 2004. WATER SYSTEM CHALLENGES Originally, water was fed to every housing unit through pipes that were 30 to 40 years old. These pipes were corroded with significant rust and calcification internally, resulting in ...
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Optimizing DMAs' formation in a water pipe network: the water aging and the operating pressure factors
Dividing a water distribution network (WDN) into district metered areas (DMAs) is the first vital step towards pressure management and real losses reduction. However, other factors of water quality such as the water age must be taken into account while forming DMAs. The current study uses genetic algorithm (GA) optimization methods to achieve the desired WDN segmentation conditions in terms ...
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Malang City Gives a Boost to Aging Infrastructure by Installing Pressure Reducing Valves to Create a Series of District Metered Areas
The Client: PDAM Malang The Challenge: Aging Infrastructure leads to high leakage rates, pipe bursts and insufficient water supply The Solution: 138 S106 2PR-BT ranging in size from 100mm to 500mm The Result: Massive savings in reduced water loss, decrease in pipe bursts and more water to reach more customers. ...
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Leak-before-break in cast iron mains: a failure analysis of a catastrophic pipe burst on Harris Street, Sydney
This article analyses the failure of a 500 mm-diameter cast iron (CI) water pipe that catastrophically fractured in Sydney in 2013. According to metallurgical analysis and finite element simulation, a longitudinal pre-existing crack initiated from the adjacent bell-joint and eventually propagated to a critical length in the pipe barrel over a certain period. There was evidence of leakage ...
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Pathogen intrusion flows in water distribution systems: according to orifice equations
Pathogen intrusion may occur in water pipes when negative pressures allow external flows to enter through failures or leaks and then mix with safe water. Based on the Fixed and Variable Area Discharge (FAVAD) theory and the orifice equations, an analysis is proposed to estimate the intrusion flow across defects in pipes considering different types of failure. The equivalent diameter of ...
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