X-ray diffraction Articles
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Characterisation of embedded nano–precipitates by X–ray diffraction imaging and small–angle X–ray scattering
We report on the characterisation of embedded Al2Cu nanoparticles in Al matrix by X–ray diffraction imaging and small–angle X–ray scattering. We employed direct retrieval of the average morphological characteristics of the nanoparticles from their diffraction pattern. Data suggest the possibility of acquiring truly 3D information with X–ray diffraction imaging. Validation of the results obtained ...
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TiO
2/Co nanomaterials: synthesis and propertiesThe formation of anatase phase of TiO2 was observed and evaluated by using X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering spectra. It was found that the annealing temperature, its temperature rate and Co doping strongly increase the formation velocity of the anatase phase and size of TiO2 nanoparticles. The creation of Co cluster in TiO2 thin film was also estimated by using X-ray diffraction and ...
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Methylene Blue Adsorption as a Rapid and Economical Method of Detecting Smectite
Methylene blue adsorption (MBA) is found to be an effective method of indicating when smectite (group name for the mont-morillonite minerals) is present in major amounts in mudrocks or along discontinuities. The basic relationship is that MBA values greater than 15 indicate that smectite is present as 15 is the maximum value found for illite, the next most adsorptive mineral as compared with ...
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Synthesis and characterisation of nanostructured barium cuprate thin films
Thin films of Ba1−y CuO2+x system were prepared by DC magnetron sputtering technique, using a BaCuO2 target sintered at 850°C for 24 hours. The sputtering was performed under 0.04 Torr Ar-pressure and at 500 V-135 mA target current. The effect of substrate and substrate bias on the morphology of the films was investigated. The films were characterised by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray ...
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An in situ investigation of the effect of hydrogen on ferritic stainless steel
Hydrogen ingress into ferritic stainless steels causes significant changes in their microstructure, leading, among other things, to the formation of microtwins and the increase of dislocation density. These changes also lead to the formation of microcracks and surface crevices. Moreover, the absorbed hydrogen expands the lattice parameter of Cr-alloyed ferrite. The formation of hydrides in ...
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The analysis of magnetic controlled DC sputtering AZO films
The Al–doped zinc oxide (AZO) transparent conducting thin films were deposited by the use of magnetic controlled DC sputtering method. To obtain best process parameters, we compare and analyse different process parameters like working pressure and substrate temperature, and properties of AZO films with DC sputtering. The transmittance of AZO film is over 85% at visible region (380∼800 nm). Blue ...
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Characterisation of self–ordered porous anodic alumina by X–ray diffraction line profile analysis
We report on the structural properties of porous anodic alumina (PAA) film produced by the anodisation technique under different annealing temperatures. X–ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence (PL) measurements were performed. For the samples annealed in oxygen, decreases in the PL intensity and blueshift of the PL peak energy are observed with increasing annealing temperatures. The ...
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Synthesis and characterisation of copper nanomaterial
Copper nanomaterial has been prepared via an electrochemical technique. Aqueous copper sulfate solution was used in the process. A wide range of experimental conditions, both concentration of the electrolyte and current density values were employed. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, fluorescent microscopy and UV-vis optical absorption spectrophotometry techniques were used to ...
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The mechanisms of particle formation in Y-doped ZrO2
The processes of nanopowder formation in ZrO2–3 mol.% Y2O3 system at 350–900°C obtained by co-precipitation using ultrasound (US), microwave (MW) heating and pulse magnetic field (PMF) treatment are considered. The energy estimations are made on the basis of Avrami theory for the crystallisation at 350°C and 400°C. It was stated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods that the primary particle size is ...
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Estimation of the carbon nanotube concentration by peak–to–background ratio in XRD patterns
In this paper, we present the calculated and experimental results of the peak–to–background ratio in the XRD patterns of multiwall carbon nanotubes and apply this measure to estimate the concentration of multiwall carbon nanotubes. The estimated results and the reference values for the carbon nanotube concentration are in good agreement.Keywords: peak–to–background ratio, carbon nanotubes, ...
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Stability and deactivation research of RuO2-PdO/Ti electrode in dye water degradation
RuO2-PdO/Ti electrode was prepared and used for the electro-catalytic degradation of Active Red K-2BP. It was found that the electrode was very stable in the process. A discoloration rate of 96.2% could still be achieved on the electrode after being used for 100 runs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy characterizations of the electrode ...
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Nano-hybrid materials and nano-composite materials based on PVA
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are a class of synthetic two-dimensional nano-structured anionic clays whose structure can be described as nano-layered ordered material. This study aims to use nano-layered materials as a host for Azo-compounds to form nano-hybrid materials and as filler for poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) to form nano-composite materials. A large anionic pigment (phenyl azobenzoic ...
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X-ray analysis of strain, composition and elastic energy in Ge islands on Si(001)
X-ray diffraction techniques have been extensively employed to study several structural and chemical properties of self-assembled islands. In this review we discuss recent results on Ge islands grown on Si(001). Grazing incidence diffraction is used to map the strain distribution of Ge pyramids and domes. By tuning the X-ray energy near the Ge K edge – to perform anomalous diffraction ...
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Quartz formation in natural environment with respect to diffusion-reaction of water molecules in nano-scale open spaces
Steady-state quartz formation in geological environment is an important phenomenon that can address the global environmental issues as diagenetic evolution, biogeochemical cycling, and reservoir formation, but the mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we discuss the steady-state quartz formation on the basis of water migration through nano-scale pores (nanopores) together with the results of ...
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Erbium activated monolith silica-phosphate glasses planar waveguide and up-conversion mechanism
The structure of 3% of Er+3, Yb+3 ions doped silica-phosphate of two different concentrations 5 and 10% phosphate (P), in the form of thin film and monolith materials were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The types of structural information obtainable are compared in detail. The structural study revealed that the crystallite sizes of monolith ...
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Ionic conductivity studies on neodymium doped ceria in different atmospheres
Nano-crystalline 10 and 20 mol% neodymium (Nd) doped ceria powders were prepared by gel-combustion synthesis. The single-phase nature of the nano powder has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction. These sinter-active nano powders resulted in dense products, as the sintered densities were found to be ∼90% of theoretical densities. Ionic conductivity studies were carried out in air, hydrogen and ...
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Luminescence properties of Sn1−xFexO2 nanoparticles
Nanoparticles of Sn1−xFexO2 (x = 0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1) have been prepared by co-precipitation method using SnCl2 and FeSO4 precursors and subsequent heat-treatment at 600°C. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) study shows that these nanoparticles crystallise in tetragonal system. The unit cell volume increases slightly with Fe2+ doping indicating substitution of Sn4+ sites by Fe2+ ions. The unit cell ...
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Characterisation of microstructure and its effect on the strength and toughness of 17-4PH stainless steel
The influence of microstructure on the strength and toughness of 17-4 Precipitation-Hardened (PH) Stainless Steel (SS) was studied as a function of duration of ageing at 783 K. Lath martensite is formed in this steel in its solution-annealed condition. X-ray diffraction studies detected the formation of a copper-rich phase after ageing for 0.25 h, with the amount of the copper-rich precipitates ...
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Synthesis of silicon carbide from rice husk
Mexican rice hulls were pyrolysed in an inert atmosphere to form silicon carbide. The first step was a preheating process; the next step was the synthesis of silicon carbide, by using an extremely simple system of heating. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis were used to characterize the product. The type of SiC obtained was the so-called b-silicon ...
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High temperature microwave-assisted synthesis and the physico-chemical characterisation of mesoporous crystalline titania
Mesoporous TiO2 with nanocrystalline architecture has been synthesised by using microwave-assisted high temperature method using polymeric surfactant. The polymeric template was removed by stepwise carbonisation process. The structural order, band structure and the textural parameters of the calcined mesoporous titania were investigated by using numerous sophisticated techniques such as XRD, ...
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