The species diversity of phytoplankton is usually very high in wild aquatic systems, as seen in the paradox of plankton. Coexistence of many competitive phytoplankton species is extremely common in nature. However, experiments and mathematical theories show that interspecific competition often leads to the extinction of most inferior species. Here, we present a lattice version of a multi-species Lotka–Volterra competition model to demonstrate the importance of local interaction. Its mathematical equilibrium is the exclusion of all but one superior species. However, temporal coexistence of many competitive species is possible in an ecological time scale if interactions are local instead of global. This implies that the time scale is elongated many orders when interactions are local. Extremely high species diversity of phytoplankton in aquatic systems may be maintained by spatial coexistence in an ecological time scale.
Today, the insect supply industry reached a significant milestone with Netherlands-based Protix, the leading insect company, closing 45M€ in funding – delivered by Aqua-Spark, the first investment company focused on sustainable aquaculture, Rabobank, BOM and various private investors.
Protix breeds insects for animal feed, as insects offer a low-impact protein alternative that can be cultivated on a variety of food scraps. This is of the utmost importance as global populations continue to grow and the...
BackgroundEVAPCO, Inc. recently introduced new Evaporative Condensers and Closed Circuit Coolers which utilize extended surface coils. For decades extended “fin” surfaces have been used on heat transfer coils, often referred to as “finned coils” primarily in an effort to increase dry capacity. However, in the past the fin material was limited to carbon steel tubes with a “round profile” prior to hot dip galvanizing. In most cases, the fin material was applied to a few rows of...
Tipperary Co-operative, use Sialex®Ring to help control "Scaling" on Plate Heat and Shell and Tube heat exchangers on their " hot water circuits". A further area suitable to benefit from Sialex® is in the Cream separators. These devices are prone to "Scale" build up on flushing jets. Cleaning requires did-assembly and cleaning. This can occur several times during a year.
Platetek Engineering proposed installing Sialex®Ring onto the water "feed lines" to the cream separators (Alfa Laval, westphalia)....
Industry, hotels, commercial buildings even private homes in "Hard" water areas are at a disadvantage due to "Scale" formation on devices, particularly those attached to "Hot" water circuits.
A PHE (Plate Heat Exchanger) with a known "Scaling" problem is selected for testing. The attached case study demonstrates how with an "Open" mind, even those sceptical of our products capabilities, do not dispute the achieved results.
Sampling campaigns at several points in a sector of a distribution network were conducted during several months to study the spatial and temporal variation of the free chlorine concentration (FCC) and disinfection by-product concentrations (DBPC) at the scale of a residential neighborhood. The water residence times (RT) at these sampling points and for the same period were also simulated using EPANET. Within the neighborhood, the results reveal significant differences in measured FCCs and DBPCs and low intra-day...
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