Myanmar is a unique country where the majority of the people live in rural areas, away from grid electricity and reliable water supplies. The penetration of grid electricity in rural areas is minimal and even then it is often erratic. This paper focuses on the challenges of transitioning from an electricity-poor country to a renewable energy based-economy augmented with photovoltaics (PV). Based on optimization modelling and assessments of Myanmar's current energy barriers, we examine the feasibility of PV-powered desalination systems for the Ayeyarwady region and Tanintharyi region. An analysis of the technical and economic feasibility of a stand-alone solar-powered desalination system indicates that the needed price of water for economic sustainability should be approximately US$0.0224/litre. From our economic modelling, we found that the major capital cost is the installation of PV and maintenance. The major operating cost is maintenance of batteries. Minor operating costs are membrane replacement and PV maintenance. The country's limited capital inhibits the creation of these systems, and foreign investment or incentives from international financial institutions will be needed to secure off-grid, clean energy solutions for Myanmar.
South of the Sahara, getting electricity to 620 million people may require an all-of-the-above strategy.
A 310-megawatt wind farm sprouting up in a remote, barren landscape near Lake Turkana in northern Kenya has the clean energy world buzzing — and for good reason.
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In this paper, an evolutionary algorithm, called EA-WDND, is developed to optimize water distribution network design for real instances. The evolutionary algorithm uses the Epanet Solver which, while not an optimizer, helps to evaluate the operational constraints of mass conservation, energy conservation, pressure in nodes (nodal heads) of the network, and velocities of water in network pipes. Epanet is used by the EA-WDND to evaluate whether the looped network is operating properly. Consequently, the EA-WDND...
A lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is utilized to solve single-phase transient flow in pipes. In order to eliminate grid limitation related to the method of characteristics, governing equations are modified using appropriate coordinate transformation. The introduced modification removes connection between Courant number and spatial disposition of the computational nodes, forming a more flexible and robust mathematical base for numerical simulations. The computational grid is configured independently of the wave...
A distributed hydrological model, the Grid-based Integrated Surface-groundwater MODel (GISMOD), was developed to simulate hydrological processes by considering water interaction among different soil layers. The model integrates six modules. Basic information on catchment, such as the flow direction and the drainage network, can be obtained automatically from digital elevation model (DEM) data by using the preprocessing module. In GISMOD, three methods are available to estimate precipitation and eight to estimate...
Many countries have problems related to water scarcity and are thus seeking to promote greater water efficiency. A micro water grid (MWG) is a high-efficiency water management system that integrates information and communication technologies (ICT) for the water distribution systems in individual buildings. More accurate forecasting of hourly water demand is necessary if these systems are to function correctly and thus is the focus of this paper. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) variant models were...
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