Tolerable Level of Lifetime Cadmium Intake Estimated as a ...
Tolerable Level of Lifetime Cadmium Intake Estimated as a Benchmark Dose Low, Based on Excretion of ;2-Microglobulin in the Cadmium-Polluted Regions of the Kakehashi River Basin, Japan
Recently, a benchmark dose (BMD) approach defined by Crump was used to estimate the threshold levels of toxic substances (GAylor et al, 1998). BMD is a statistical lower confidence limit to a dose producing some predetermined increase in response rate, such as 0.01-0.1 in the abnormal rates of substances. The benchmark dose low (BMDL) is defined as the value corresponding to the lower 95% confidence interval of the BMD and can be used instead of the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) or the lowest observable adverse effect level (LOAEL) (Gaylor et. al, 1998) in the evaluation of a dose-response relationship.
This paper seeks to complement ongoing discussions around water allocation by offering an analytic framework for examining the evolution of paradigms for water allocation in river basins. It traces this evolution from the hydraulic paradigm through to Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and the current water security paradigm. Using a society-science-practice interaction perspective, the paper draws attention to the governance processes of water allocation that underlie these paradigms using examples...
This paper addresses the modelling of the processes associated with acid mine drainage affecting the Trimpancho River basin, chosen for this purpose because of its location and paradigmatic hydrological, geological, mining and environmental contexts. By using physical-chemical indicators it is possible to define the contamination degree of the system from the perspective of an entire river basin, due to its reduced dimension. This allows an exhaustive monitoring of the study area, considering the particularity...
The urban agglomeration polders type of flood control pattern is a general flood control pattern in the eastern plain area and some of the secondary river basins in China. A HEC-HMS model of Qinhuai River basin based on the flood control pattern was established for simulating basin runoff, examining the impact of urban agglomeration polders on flood events, and estimating the effects of urbanization on hydrological processes of the urban agglomeration polders in Qinhuai River basin. The results indicate that the...
The concept of sustainability has a key component of balancing developmental needs of the present and the future, what we call the time element (TE). Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) has emerged as a paradigm of river governance, balancing different interests and needs. This we call the Interest Element (IE). This paper explores how IWRM incorporates sustainability, leading to stronger river governance, reflecting the balance between timeframes as well as across different interests. We investigate the...
Runoff in the Yellow River (YR) of China is steadily declining due to climate change and human activities. In this study, the basic trend and abrupt changes of precipitation at 63 meteorological stations and runoff as measured at six hydrological stations from 1956 to 2010 are analyzed. Results indicate that 38 stations exhibit negative precipitation trends. These stations are mainly located in the lower reaches. All six hydrological stations exhibit declining runoff trends. Abrupt runoff changes were mainly...
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