Applications from BWB Technologies Ltd.

Flame photometer solution for potassium extraction from soil

Principle: Potassium was extracted from a soil sample with acidified ammonium lactate to determine plant available potassium ionic concentration present in the sample.

Flame photometer solution for recommended sample handling techniques & considerations sector

Thoroughly clean and rinse all glassware with the supplied BWB Technologies deionised distilled water to ensure that it is clean and free of extractable sodium and potassium. Glassware should be acid cleaned and rinsed thoroughly in deionised double distilled water prior to use to avoid contamination from extractable metals under test.

Flame photometer solution for unit for concentration sector

There are many different ways to express concentration of a solution. Molarity (M): Molarity is probably the most commonly used unit of concentration. It is the number of moles of solute per litre of solution (not necessarily the same as the volume of solvent). The SI unit of molarity is mol/dm3.

Flame photometer solution for measurement of calcium in serum & urine

This method reduces or removes potential interference from sodium, potassium and phosphates normally present in serum and urine by diluting the samples with a diluent containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).

Flame photometer solution for measurement of lithium in saliva sector

The use of lithium carbonate for the treatment of bipolar disorders and depression is well established. However, for the treatment to be effective, it must be managed closely, to ensure the dose is maintained within the normal therapeutic range.

Flame photometer solution for measurement of calcium in DNA and DNP

The calcium content of aqueous solutions of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and deoxyribonucleoprotein (DNP) cannot assayed directly because of interference effects. An acid extraction procedure enabled direct measurements of calcium in DNA and DNP, or a standard addition technique was used at higher concentrations.

Flame photometer solution for measurement of potassium in unashed plant leaves

This procedure uses a TCA (trichloroacetic acid) extraction of the tissue to release all of the Calcium.

Flame photometer solution for measurement of potassium in unashed plant Leaves

This method uses a suspension of ground plant material to directly measure the potassium concentration. It eliminates the usual steps of ashing and subsequent dissolution of the resulting ash. The method was compared to alternative methods such as chemical analysis and spectrophotometric methods. Collaborative studies using a range of samples gave a mean of 1.74% potassium by this extraction technique as compared to 1.75% by alternative methods. The standard deviation of an analysis in the two different sample...

Flame photometer solution for measurement of calcium in biological samples

A number of methods have been reported for the measurement of calcium in biological materials by flame photometry or titration. This method employs trichloroacetic acid (TCA) to precipitate the proteins and has been found to be adequate to extract all of the calcium from tissue samples. Sodium, potassium and phosphate caused no significant interference and calcium concentration in the range of 0 to 2 µg/ml is readily determined.

Flame photometer solution for trace elements in biodiesel

BS EN 14108 and EN14109 (2003) Reference Method for Measurement of Trace Elements in Biodiesel 1,2. These methods are adapted from methods for the determination of sodium and potassium in fatty-acid methyl ester samples. The sample is diluted with an organic solvent (xylene, cyclohexane or petroleum ether) plus a stabiliser. These European Standards specify a method for the determination of potassium of equal to or greater than 0.5 mg/kg and sodium level equal to or greater than 1 mg/kg. This method is...

Flame photometer solution for measurement of sodium, potassium and calcium in plant extracts

The most important ions which naturally occur in plant tissues are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, nitrate, sulphate and phosphate. A sample of 5 g of oven-dried plant material contains on average, 25 mg calcium, 9 mg magnesium, 80 mg potassium and 3 mg sodium. The recommended method for the measurement of calcium is to precipitate the calcium as an oxalate, the precipitate is then dissolved and measurement taken from the resulting solution. Sodium and potassium may be measured directly following an...

Flame photometer solution for measurement of calcium and potassium in cereals

Commercial cereals vary considerably in composition, both in their formulation and the ingredients added to enrich these products. Sodium is the predominant cation in breakfast cereals, at levels reaching 8mg/g. Potassium and calcium also vary, particularly in wheat-based products and those enriched with milk products or calcium salts.

Flame photometer solution for measurement of potassium and sodium in wine

Wine is of particular interest nutritionally because it is typically low in sodium and relatively high in potassium. Sodium is the predominant cation in breakfast cereals, at levels reaching 8mg/g. Potassium and calcium also vary, particularly in wheat-based products and those enriched with milk products or calcium salts.

Flame photometer solution for measurement of sodium and potassium in dried milk

Dried milk was dissolved into an aqueous solution for analysis via flame photometry. The test solutions and reference solutions are measured directly following dilution with deionised distilled water.

Flame photometer solution for measurement of sodium and potassium in cheese

Cheese was wet ashed with a combination of acid and a high temperature oven to form a dissolvable product ready for analysis via flame photometry.

Flame photometer solution for measurement of potassium and sodium in bread

Bread contributes about one-sixth of daily salt intake and is used to improve flavour and texture. The amount of sodium in bread can differ significantly, depending upon brand and type of grain used, ranging from 592mg/100g to 748mg/100g. The level of sodium in bread is primarily due to the amount of salt added to the dough during manufacture. The amount of potassium is determined by the type of flour and the washing and bleaching operations during cereal processing. Bread does not make a significant contributio...

Flame photometer solution for measurement of potassium and sodium in meat

Several different techniques can be used for sample digestion and extraction of sodium and/or potassium: oven ashing, perchloric acid ashing, extraction by boiling and acidification with HNO3 as well as extraction by homogenisation in 2% trichloroacetic acid (TCA).

Flame photometer solution for measurement of calcium in fresh fruit

In most cases, it was found that flame photometry was well suited for the determination of sodium, potassium and calcium in fresh fruits, using the wet ashing technique as given below. There are significant differences in the composition between different varieties of the same fruit, although these differences are not usually considered to be nutritionally significant.

Flame photometer solution for determination of sodium and potassium using emulsions and microemulsions for sample preparation

This technique allows use of aqueous standards for calibration rather than relatively unstable organometallic standards and harmful solvents for the extraction. Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable systems composed of water, oil and surfactant. In some cases, an alcohol is added as a co-surfactant.

Flame photometer solution for salinity in processed foods

Sodium chloride is an essential ingredient of all processed foods;it is needed to enhance flavour and increase shelf life. In many processed foods, additional sodium is added as a flavour enhancer; potassium and calcium are also naturally present but not normally used as processing additives.

Flame photometer solution for determination of sodium in biodiesel using dry decomposition for the sample preparation

This method allows the analyte to be pre-concentrated in the final solution, decreases the volume of strong acid used in the dissolution stage and does not use organic solvents.

Flame photometer solution for measurement of low concentrations of sodium in cement

This method allows the direct measurement of low levels of sodium without prior extraction procedures, which minimises possible sources of contamination.

Flame photometer solution for measurement of sodium and potassium in silicate rocks

This method for the measurement of sodium and potassium in silicate rocks uses a borate fusion technique.The sample is fused with a suitable fusion agent such as boric acid (H3BO3) and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) and the ground product is dissolved in dilute citric acid.The presence of other metals such as aluminium, calcium, iron, magnesium and silicon should not interfere with the measurement of sodium or potassium using this method.

Flame photometer solution for measurement of lithium in minerals

This method has been adapted to enable measurement of lithium over a wide range of concentrations (0.10 to >8.0%), in lithium containing materials.

Flame photometer solution for measurement of lithium in sea water sector

The effect of potential interference from other constituents of sea water was studied, including sodium, chloride and potassium. It was found that pre-concentration of the sea water was not necessary prior to analysis. A filtration of the sample was only necessary if sample contained suspended material.