Understanding Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Geophysical surveys have been used around the world for more than five decades. These surveys determine characteristics of the Earth’s subsurface by measuring the physical differences between rock types or physical discontinuities without seeing them directly by digging, drilling or tunneling. The goal of geophysical surveys is to produce maps or models that indicate the earth’s geography, stratigraphy, rock distribution and geological structure delineation.
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Geophysical surveys are widely used for oil and natural gas exploration. They are also used for a variety of other purposes from helping to detect ground water and checking foundations for roads and buildings to research purposes to determine environmental concerns and reduce hazard for issues such as landslides to assisting in archaeological activities.
Both land and marine surveys include a source and a receiver. They may differ in the pattern of the receiver system, concentration of measurements taken within a given area; and the type of receiver or sensor used.
Geophysical surveys are temporary and transitory and are the least intrusive and most cost-effective means to understanding where recoverable oil and gas resources are likely exist.
Geophysical surveys are classified as seismic and non-seismic and provide various levels of detail, but all generate useful data based on the purposes for which the surveys are conducted. Geophysical surveys include magnetic and electromagnetic surveys, gravity and gravity gradiometry surveys, seismic surveys, and multispectral surveys.
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