nuclear safety Articles
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The transport of radioactive material
The first part of this study is devoted to the regulations on the safe transport of radioactive material. The rules applicable to the transport of radioactive material are analysed, along with their elaboration at the international, Community and French levels. The second part will describe the system of civil liability for nuclear damage and the rules applicable to the compensation of the ...
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Questions and answers on the amended Nuclear Safety Directive
What is new in the directive? The amended Nuclear Safety Directive strengthens the nuclear safety framework of the EU. The amendment reinforces the provisions of the existing directive. It: strengthens the role and independence of national regulatory authorities; introduces a high-level EU-wide safety objective, emphasizing accident prevention and the avoidance of significant ...
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The assessment of the environmental and public impact of the on-shore storage facility for dispositioned N/SM reactor compartments in the North-West region of Russia
This paper deals with the environmental and public impact of radiation factors of the land-based storage facility being designed for dispositioned N/SM reactor compartments in the Russian North-West region. The capacity is sized to accommodate reactor compartments of all the Russian North Navy N/SM after their disposition. Based on the study results, it can be concluded that the creation of this ...
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A risk-risk analysis-based socio-legal abstraction approach to complex decision making in nuclear systems
Complex risk-based decisions in nuclear systems are largely guided by probabilistic safety assessments and established legal precepts, such as ALARA. Typically, however, there exists a gap between the risk perceptions of experts and those of the public, which adversely affects the societal acceptability of these decisions. Often this gap is amplified by the media and campaign rhetoric, leading to ...
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50 years of radiation protection and nuclear power in Switzerland: a brief history
This article presents a short history of research in nuclear physics as well as of 50 years of nuclear power and radiation protection in Switzerland. After the International Conference 'Atoms for Peace' held in 1955 in Geneva the first research reactor was installed in Switzerland. A national environmental radioactivity monitoring programme was started in 1956. Today some 40% of the electricity ...
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The Euratom Community Treaty's prospects at the start of the new millennium
Which aspects of the Euratom Treaty might require reform in order to answer the challenges of the new Millennium? A call is made for the integration of the Euratom Treaty into a comprehensive European Union Treaty or Constitution encompassing all EU activities, making the promotion of nuclear technology a matter of enhanced cooperation, while preserving uniform radiation protection and safeguards ...
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Tectonic processes development with time in the areas of HLW disposal from expert assessment to prognosis
A methodical approach is given which is applied to prediction of the persistence of the natural isolation properties of the geological environment for a time period of 104–105 years, when disposing of radioactive waste in geological formations. It is based on modelling geodynamic and tectonic processes development with time and assessing their effects on the persistence of structural tectonic ...
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Development of the RAW and SNF handling system in the Federal Atomic Energy Agency and in the Russian Federation
The experience the Russian Federation has gained over the period longer than half a century in handling radioactive wastes (RAW), including their burial in geological formations, is quite unique. These guidelines state the necessity of establishing an integrated state RAW and spent nuclear fuel (SNF) handling system, ensuring safe, effective, efficient, and socially-acceptable development of ...
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Integration of natural analogue studies within a national confidence-building programme
It is now commonly recognised that public acceptance is one of the key factors influencing the feasibility of nuclear waste repositories – or indeed, any major industrial or technical developments. The general antipathy against anything "radioactive" is further compounded by the difficulty of developing a simple, transparent safety case for a facility deep underground that clearly shows that ...
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Multinational repositories: ethical, legal and political/public aspects
Concepts for shared multinational repositories face a great challenge in achieving acceptance, despite the fact that they promise advantages in safety, security, environmental protection and costs. When considering advantages of shared multinational repositories, it is instructive to examine which are the ethical, legal and political issues that mostly affect the feasibility of implementing such ...
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The Belgian Nuclear Research Centre and the possibilities for cooperation with China
This paper gives a short overview of the activities of the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK?CEN) and the role it can play in the cooperative agreement that was established between the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) and SCK?CEN. Indeed, the current established cooperation on nuclear energy research between China and Belgium should make use of the nuclear research experiences and ...
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Development of the technology for localisation and isolation from biosphere of outdoor liquid radwaste storage basins
The approaches were proposed for localisation and isolation of outdoor liquid radwaste storage basins from the biosphere. The lab research findings showed immobilisation of radioactive sludges into a compound and drying-up of liquid phase using porous vitrocrystalline forms (VCF) using as example actual solid and liquid phases from the MCC's storage basins. The effectiveness of the radionuclide ...
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Social, scientific and legal dimensions in Methuselah-span decision-making: the disposal of high level nuclear wastes
Methuselah-span decision-making is an aspect of precautionary decision-making under uncertainty and the risk that requires studying the essential dimensionality of the decision over extremely long time horizons. We provide practical answers for assuring long-term regulatory compliance of engineered systems, using the example of Yucca Mountain Repository (YMR) for high-level nuclear waste. ...
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Development of technology for high-level radwaste treatment to ceramic matrix by method of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis
For the purpose of reduction of the risk of spread of transuranic actinides, carbon-14 and other radionuclides contained in the NPP HLW, the Rosenergoatom concern decided to develop a technology of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) to obtain a ceramic matrix suitable for long-term and ecologically safe deep geological disposal of the high-level radwaste of the nuclear industry. ...
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Ecological solution of the problem of handling liquid radioactive wastes – LRW (by the example of FSUE SSC RF RIAR)
A sharp reduction of nuclear waste amounts is possible if their elements are considered as source material of atomic complexes – SMAC. The prospect of their possible salvaging will require technological changes and ensuring safety of storage of the material till the need arises. Long experience in deep liquid radioactive waste disposal and accounting, calculations, and motivations demonstrate ...
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CJSC ECOMET-S facility for reprocessing and utilisation of radioactive metal waste: operating experience
The principal objective of the paper is to present operating experience in management of radioactive metal waste, originating at nuclear power facilities of the Russian Federation. Issues of radioactive metal waste recycling by melting, with the purpose of unrestricted re-use in industry, or restricted re-use within the nuclear industry, have been considered. The necessity for using a method of ...
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Radioactive waste management technologies used in rehabilitation of radioactively contaminated facilities and areas at the RRC 'Kurchatov Institute' site
Activities on rehabilitation of eleven temporary radwaste repositories are currently underway at the RRC 'Kurchatov Institute'. Technologies used for exploratory drilling of repositories, their radiation survey, cleaning fill-up soil from the repository ceilings and opening the ceilings, RW extraction, sorting and packing in containers are presented. The radiation situation at the repository site ...
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New regulations for release in Germany: a chance for minimisation of radioactive waste and reduction of costs
The EURATOM Basic Safety Standards provided the occasion to establish comprehensive clearance regulations in German law. The new German Radiation Protection Ordinance contains detailed regulations regarding clearance of radioactive substances with negligible radioactivity from practices subject to authorisation. For about 300 radionuclides, there are mass- and surface-specific clearance levels ...
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Prospects for development of technologies of radwaste geological isolation in Russia
Based on the analysis of volumes, inventory and activity of all RW accumulated in Russia, the comparative estimation on methods of their safe final isolation has been conducted. More than 90% of all RW is low level activity wastes. For such waste, the most effective method of disposal is near the surface or in a superficial (shallow) underground facility created recently or one that is already ...
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Principal provisions of engineering and geological survey methodology in designing and construction of underground laboratory as a part of facility of RW underground isolation
The most critical moment is the choice of a site for radioactive waste geological repository. Here the role of engineering and geological prospecting as a basis for the construction of a facility for underground isolation appears especially important; it is followed by finding a suitable area and subsequent allocation of the site and facility construction sites. The decision on the selection of ...
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