chlorine disinfection Articles
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An Observational Study on the Effectiveness of Point-Of-Use Chlorination
Although the efficacy of chlorine disinfection under controlled laboratory conditions is well known, the effectiveness of chlorine under field point-of-use (POU) conditions is still not clearly understood and may be impacted by a variety of factors. This study evaluated the effectiveness of POU chlorine disinfection in rural Ecuador under typical use conditions and compared this effectiveness ...
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Change in genotoxicity of wastewater during chlorine dioxide and chlorine disinfections and the influence of ammonia nitrogen
The effects of chlorine dioxide and chlorine disinfections on the genotoxicity of different biologically treated sewage wastewater samples were studied by umu-test. The experiment results showed that when chlorine dioxide dosage was increased from 0 to 30 mg/L, the genotoxicity of wastewater first decreased rapidly and then tended to be stable, while when the chlorine dosage was increased from 0 ...
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The effect of chlorine and combined chlorine/UV treatment on coliphages in drinking water disinfection
Chlorine disinfection is a globally used method to ensure the safety of drinking water. However, it has not always been successful against viruses and, therefore, it is important to find new methods to disinfect water. Seventeen different coliphages were isolated from the treated municipal wastewater. These coliphages and MS2 were treated with different dosages of chlorine in drinking water, ...
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Chlorine inactivation of hepatitis E virus and human adenovirus 2 in water
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is transmitted via the fecal–oral route and has been recognized as a common source of large waterborne outbreaks involving contaminated water in developing countries. Thus, there is the need to produce experimental data on the disinfection kinetics of HEV by chlorine in water samples with diverse levels of fecal contamination. Here, the inactivation of HEV and ...
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Effect of bacterial growth stage on resistance to chlorine disinfection
The mechanisms and factors that affect microbial resistance to chlorine disinfection have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the impact of the cell growth stage on chlorine disinfection efficiency. Specifically, we evaluated the impact of the growth stage on chlorination resistance by comparing the inactivation efficiencies of two indicator bacterial strains (Escherichia ...
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The synergistic effect of
Escherichia coli inactivation by sequential disinfection with low level chlorine dioxide followed by free chlorineTo the best of our knowledge, there was little information available on pathogen removal using low level disinfectant followed by free chlorine in sequential disinfection (SD). This study investigated Escherichia coli inactivation by four types of disinfection: single step disinfection (SSD), SD, traditional sequential disinfection (TSD) and mixed disinfectant disinfection (MDD). Results ...
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Evaluation of virus reduction efficiency in wastewater treatment unit processes as a credit value in the multiple-barrier system for wastewater reclamation and reuse
The virus reduction efficiency of each unit process is commonly determined based on the ratio of virus concentration in influent to that in effluent of a unit, but the virus concentration in wastewater has often fallen below the analytical quantification limit, which does not allow us to calculate the concentration ratio at each sampling event. In this study, left-censored datasets of ...
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Quality and disinfection trials of consumption water in storage reservoirs for rural area in the Marrakech region (Assif El Mal)
Traditional reservoirs for water storage are important systems of water supply in rural areas of Morocco. These reservoirs are fed by rainwater and/or directly from rivers through open channels; the stored water is used without any treatment as drinking water by the surrounding population. The present study aimed to assess the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of stored water and the ...
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Point-of-use chlorination of turbid water: results from a field study in Tanzania
Household-based chlorine disinfection is widely effective against waterborne bacteria and viruses, and may be among the most inexpensive and accessible options for household water treatment. The microbiological effectiveness of chlorine is limited, however, by turbidity. In Tanzania, there are no guidelines on water chlorination at household level, and limited data on whether dosing guidelines ...
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Chlorate formation in water distribution systems: a modeling study
Chlorine-based disinfection agents are known to favor the production of disinfection by-products (DBPs), whose concentrations are restricted by international guidelines to ensure a safe consumption of drinking water. Hence, it is important to understand the behavior of DBPs within water distribution networks (WDNs) to avoid users' exposure to concentrations higher than guideline values. The ...
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Gas Detection in Recreation Facilities: Can the same detector work for pools and arenas?
It is not uncommon for the same recreational facility to offer both skating and swimming amenities, two very different environments with different potential gas hazards. Given the fact that there is a possibility of 6 different types of gas to monitor and the large area between the two types of facilities, a single detector will not provide the monitoring requirements for both areas. It is ...
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Case study - Floating covers reduce TSS, improve chlorine disinfection
Problem: Algae and ultraviolet (UV) rays were adversely affecting chlorination in an upstate New York reservoir and Southern Florida WWTF. Algae was shielding embedded bacteria from chlorine, making the bacteriacide ineffective, thus requiring the chlorine dosage to be increased. Algae increased the chlorine demand along with exposure to UV which dissipates un-stabilized chlorine. Both algae and ...
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Disinfection of greywater effluent and regrowth potential of selected bacteria
Chlorination and UV irradiation of RBC (rotating biological contactor)-treated light GW (greywater) was investigated. The ability of chlorine and UV to inactivate indictor bacteria (FC - Faecal Coliforms, HPC – Heterotrophic Plate Count) and specific pathogens (P.a. - Pseudomonas aeruginosa sp., S.a. - Staphylococcus aureus sp.), was assessed and their regrowth potential was examined. The RBC ...
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Glady Run and Ford Road, Wastewater Treatment Plants, Xenia, Ohio U.S.A.: Aquaray® 40 HO VLS High Output Vertical Lamp System for Wastewater
Situation In 2001, the City of Xenia, Ohio, budgeted funds in its capital program to upgrade the two wastewater treatment plants serving the city’s population of 23,000. One plant, built in 1958, treated four million gallons daily; the other, built in 1970, processed 3.7 million gallons a day. The city was seeking an alternative to the plants’ chlorine gas disinfection technology. Chlorine gas ...
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Strontium adsorption and desorption reactions in model drinking water distribution systems
Divalent cationic strontium (Sr2+) adsorption to and desorption from iron corrosion products were examined in two model drinking water distribution systems (DWDS). One system was maintained with chlorine-disinfected drinking water and the other with the same water with secondary chloramine disinfection. Flow conditions simulated primary transmission lines (constant flow) and residential ...
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Formation characteristics of haloacetic acids from phenols in drinking water chlorination
Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are typical chlorination disinfection by-products in drinking water. Apart from natural organic matter, synthetic organic compounds in raw water contribute to HAAs due to their high frequency of detection in raw water and high reactive activities with chlorine. Formation characteristics of HAAs from synthetic organic compounds were investigated using seven phenols as ...
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N -nitrosamine formation during chlorination/chloramination of bromide-containing waterThis study investigated the impact of bromide on the formation of N-nitrosamines during chlorination and chloramination, and tried to identify the reactive intermediates responsible for variations in the yield of N-nitrosamines. As an intermediate of the reaction between bromide and HOCl, bromine chloride (BrCl) may improve the yield of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation. But increasing the ...
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Health effects of disinfection by-products in Australian drinking waters
The disinfection of drinking water has greatly diminished the occurrence of diseases known to be caused by water-borne pathogens, but technological advances subsequent to the initial discovery of chloroform in 1974 have enabled the identification of a plethora of Disinfection By-Products (DBPs), particularly trihalomethanes (THMs), that may have injurious health effects on humans. DBPs are widely ...
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Evaluation of ultrasound technology for the disinfection of process water and the prevention of biofilm formation in a pilot plant
In this study, we investigated the use of ultrasound for the disinfection of process water as an alternative for more traditional techniques, like chlorination and UV-irradiation. A pilot plant was constructed to mimic circulating process water in industrial environments. The disinfection efficiency of ultrasound was assessed and compared to UV-treatment and chlorination. In addition, the ...
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Effect of the disinfection agents chlorine, UV irradiation, silver ions, and TiO2 nanoparticles/near-UV on DNA molecules
Extracellular DNA in municipal wastewater and effluents from hospitals and R&D laboratories contains antimicrobial resistance and recombinant genes that are today considered as a new class of emerging contaminants. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of disinfection agents on the integrity of DNA molecules by using real-time PCR. Escherichia coli cell suspensions and ...
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