water disinfection product Articles
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Developmental effects and genotoxicity of 10 water disinfection by-products in zebrafish
Disinfection by-products are contaminants produced during drinking water disinfection. Several DBPs have been implicated in a variety of toxic effects, mainly carcinogenic and genotoxic effects. Moreover, DBPs exposure has also been associated with an increased risk of developmental effects. In this study, the developmental toxicity and genotoxicity of 10 DBPs (four trihalomethanes [THMs], five ...
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Aeration decreases THMs
WITH HIGH LEVELS of trihalomethanes (THMs), the township of North Shore in Northern Ontario, Canada, explored treatment options at its Serpent River'Water Treatment Plant. The Serpent River treatment process includes slow-sand filtration. limestone contact tanks, and sodium hypochlorite disinfection. After filtration, sodium hypochlorite is injected into the treatment process before water enters ...
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40 years on: what do we know about drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs) and human health?
2014 marks the 40th anniversary of the seminal discovery by Johannes Rook, in 1974, that trihalomethanes (THMs) were formed by the chlorination of natural organic matter (NOM) in drinking water. Since this discovery, which revolutionized how we viewed drinking water safety and quality, hundreds of other classes of disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been discovered. The finding in 1976 by the ...
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Regulations and perspectives on disinfection by-products: importance of estimating overall toxicity
Chemical disinfection of drinking water results in the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). This paper reviews evidence on the overall toxicity of disinfected water instead of focusing on the effects of individual DBPs. The possible health effects of ingesting DBPs include development of cancer and adverse reproductive/developmental outcomes. Only a few of the 600–700 chlorinated ...
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Chemicals in reverse osmosis-treated wastewater: occurrence, health risk, and contribution to residual dissolved organic carbon
The quality and safety of reverse osmosis (RO)-treated secondary wastewater (WW), for indirect potable re-use, was assessed using a dataset of 375 chemicals measured in RO-treated WW. A screening health risk assessment indicated that four N-nitrosamines were of potential concern, although median concentrations of these chemicals were always below health values. The most frequently detected ...
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Pilot-scale electrochemical disinfection of surface water: assessing disinfection by-product and free chlorine formation
Electrochemical disinfection of surface water using mixed metal oxide anodes was evaluated in a pilot-scale demonstration. Disinfection rates, chlorine generation, energy demand, and generation of disinfection by-products were monitored over the 190-day study. Particular attention was given to the generation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) during the electrochemical ...
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Removal of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from water with activated carbon and effective microorganisms
Humic substances (HS) cause problems in water purification because of disinfection by-product (DBP) formation during chlorination. The efficiency of activated carbon (AC) adsorption as a method in drinking water treatment has been investigated in removing HS at different pH values (pH = 5; 6; 7; 8) in static equilibrium experiments. The degradation of HS was studied with an EM (effective ...
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Effects of tap water processing on the concentration of disinfection by-products
Aim: This study examined the effects on disinfection by-product (DBP) concentrations of common household methods for processing drinking water.Methods: We investigated the effects of refrigerator storage, jug filtering, boiling in an electric kettle, and supply from an instant boiling water unit, with or without filtering, on four species of trihalomethanes (THMs) and nine species of haloacetic ...
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Evaluation of trihalomethane formation in treatment of water containing
Microcystis aeruginosa using chitosan as coagulantThere are few studies that evaluate the application of chitosan in the treatment of eutrophic waters and its contribution to disinfection by-product formation. Thus, this study evaluated the use of chitosan as coagulant in the treatment of lake water spiked, or not, with Microcystis aeruginosa cells, as well as the formation of trihalomethanes (THM) by chlorine oxidation. Coagulant doses were ...
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Relating water quality monitoring to disinfection by-product formation in four pilot treatment streams
With increasing focus on the health implications from disinfection by-products (DBP) in drinking waters, appropriate monitoring parameters are required that can give rapid information on the potential of a treated water to form DBPs. Given that the most effective strategy for the reduction of concentrations of DBPs is the removal of their precursor, natural organic matter, parameters that ...
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Transformation of dissolved organic matter by oxidative polymerization with horseradish peroxidase
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) has significant influence on the transport and fate of contaminants in multiple phases and it has potential hazard by acting as a precursor of disinfection by-products in water supply. The changes in DOM characteristics, especially by oxidative polymerization might result in different behaviour in the interaction with many contaminants. The aim of this work was to ...
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Identification of humic acid-like and fulvic acid-like natural organic matter in river water using fluorescence spectroscopy
Identifying the extent of humic acid (HA)-like and fulvic acid (FA)-like natural organic matter (NOM) present in natural water is important to assess disinfection by-product formation and fouling potential during drinking water treatment applications. However, the unique fluorescence properties related to HA-like NOM is masked by the fluorescence signals of the more abundant FA-like NOM. For this ...
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Oxidation and volatilization of bromide by electrolysis in drinking water
To reduce the concentrations of brominated disinfection by-products, a process is presented here which removes bromide from a widely used surface water source, the California State Water Project (SWP). The process consists of oxidizing bromide to bromine and volatilizing the bromine. SWP water was passed through this unit under various conditions and the bromide was oxidized and volatilized under ...
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Top Municipal Water Treatment Methods: Transforming Water Quality for Environmental Compliance in the USA
Water supplies in the U.S. are among the safest in the world. According to the CDC, more than 90% of Americans get tap water from community water systems, which must adhere to strict water quality standards. However, just because the U.S. has safer water supplies than other parts of the world doesn’t mean there isn’t room for improvement and better municipal water treatment methods ...
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ROS improves ozone system in a surface water treatment plant - Case Study
Jenfitch, Inc based in Walnut Creek, CA has developed a new oxidant that is effective at lowering TOC, reducing THM’s and HAA5’s, eliminating T & O (taste and odors), effective at controlling HAB’s (harmful algal blooms), improve coagulation & flocculation, eliminate biofilm formation in the distribution systems, and improve the effectiveness of your primary ...
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Genotoxicity and effects of nanosilver contamination in drinking water disinfection
This study was conducted to examine the genotoxicity and the influence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) contamination when drinking water is exposed to five different disinfection treatments: chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, ozone/chlorine and ozone/chlorine dioxide. Experiments were conducted with water samples of different chemical composition, from three water supply systems in Croatia. ...
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Variations of disinfection by-product levels in small drinking water utilities according to climate change scenarios: a first assessment
In Québec, Canada, shifts in climate patterns (i.e., rainfall increase) could have consequences on source water quality due to the intensification of surface/groundwater runoff contamination events, leading to a decline in drinking water treatment efficiency and ultimately disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation following treatment. To assess the impacts of climate change (CC) scenarios on ...
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Evaluation of fluorescence excitation–emission and LC-OCD as methods of detecting removal of NOM and DBP precursors by enhanced coagulation
Bench-scale tests were conducted to evaluate enhanced coagulation as a method for removing natural organic matter (NOM) from a surface water to reduce the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Aluminium sulphate (alum) and two polyaluminium chloride (PACl) coagulants were used, as well as alum with pH depression. Using a PACl coagulant alone or alum with pH depression was shown to attain ...
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Minimizing microbial risk in the beverage industry through hygienic design
When producing any food or drink it is important to make every effort to minimize microbial risk, and make products for human consumption as safe as possible. Any microbial contamination is taken extremely seriously, and can result in costly product recalls in response to fears for human health. In addition to the serious health risks from certain bacterial species, contamination with less ...
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Case Study: Source Water Monitoring Improves WTP Process Control
With over 200 installations across Ireland, Real Tech in partnership with Glan Agua, are helping to improve process control and drinking water quality. Simple and affordable real-time UV254 organics analyzers from Real Tech are enabling plants to rapidly detect organic fluctuations in raw water and take action to ensure effective removal is achieved. Background UV254 provides one of the best ...
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