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Raman spectroscropy for real-time monitoring of bacteria and their antibiotic resistances. The Bio Particle Explorer (BPE) is a spectroscopic analysis system that enables the rapid characterization of pathogens such as bacteria or fungi.

The qBA algorithm was developed for quantitative analysis of 3-dimensional data of bacterial biofilms recorded by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Contrary to other biofilm analysing algorithms that are based on binary segmentation of the images, the bacteria are counted by this adaptive basic algorithm. The qBA algorithm transforms each 2D image into an inverted grayscale 3D image. The algorithm identifies local grayscale maxima upon two adjustable parameters (Prolongation (P) with dimension of pixels and Intensity (I) with dimension of the grey scale) assigning those to cell positions within the biofilm. The algorithm separately analyses and counts the bacteria of the green (nearly all cells) and red (dead cells) images of the Z-stacks and evaluates the viable cells that are defined as those cells that were only stained green.