Geocell Brochure

GeocellsOil Retention Bund, KazakhstanSoil Retention on Embankment M25, EssexGeomembrane Protection, Pembrokeshire Site Access Road, FranceCanal Bank Stabilisation, Monmouthshire TERRAM® is a market leader in the design and manufacture of innovative geosynthetics, providing a unique range of value-engineered solutions that also help minimise the environmental impact of construction.As part of this commitment Terram has developed an innovative solution for ground and slope stabilisation, erosion control and retaining structures – the Terram Cellular Con?nement System.The forces of nature can have a powerful effect on steep slopes, river banks, spillways and other exposed areas. It takes an effective engineered solution to prevent the movement of soils caused by static, dynamic, hydro-dynamic and gravitational forces.The Terram Cellular Con?nement System utilises a three dimensional geotextile ‘honeycomb’ structure to provide soil stabilisation across a wide variety of applications.The system con?nes the ?ll material within its strong and ?exible geotextile cell structure. This restricts down-slope migration in slope applications, provides an even load distribution on paved and unpaved areas and also provides a stable base when used over soft subgrades.Whilst the strong, permeable geotextile material restricts the movement of ?ll material, it allows the free movement of water and nutrients to create a healthy soil environment.The system can be used with a variety of in?ll materials including soil, aggregates and concrete and because native in?ll materials may also be acceptable, it can be a very cost-effective solution.The Terram Cellular Con?nement System is easy to handle and install, is low maintenance, economical and strong; providing a cost effective solution for many soil stabilisation applications.The Terram Cellular Con?nement System offers the following advantages over ‘traditional’ construction methods.???[bfi?[dYekhW][?l[][jWj_ed?\\\\eh?W?dWjkhWb?]h[[d?[dl_hedc[djTypical applications include:?? 7YY[ii?heWZi?WdZ?fWha_d]?Wh[Wi?? FWl[c[dj?XWi[i?WdZ?ikX#XWi[i?? HeWZ?m_Z[d_d]?iY^[c[i?? ;cXWdac[dj?ibef[i?? 9edjW_dc[dj?Zoa[i?WdZ?b[l[[i?? BWdZÅbb?b_d_d]?WdZ?Yel[hi?? :Wc?\\\\WY[i?WdZ?if_bbmWoi?? De_i[?WXWj[c[dj?mWbbi$??OUR BUILT ENVIRONMENTWithin the construction and landscaping sectors the use of geosynthetics has become fundamental in solving an increasingly diverse range of global geotechnical and environmental protection problems. Typical applications for geosynthetics _dYbkZ[?Ie_b?H[_d\\\\ehY[c[dj"?=hekdZ?IjWX_b_iWj_ed"?<_bjhWj_ed"?:hW_dW]["?Fhej[Yj_ed?and Erosion Control.The ongoing impact of climate change and the requirement to deliver sustainable development is increasingly creating the need for more diverse and innovative solutions. These applications include cellular con?nement, green roofs, pervious paving systems, geocellular tanks, basement construction and tree root protection systems. Through the ongoing commitment to achieve sustainability within the built environment, geosynthetics are being incorporated into major infrastructure projects such as renewable energy schemes such as on-shore wind farms and alternative forms of transport such as light rail networks.Terram Geocell can be used in many slope protection applications often eliminating complicated and expensive construction techniques. Its three dimensional structure provides a blanket of ‘cells’ on the slope surface which can contain a variety of in?ll materials depending on the application; either topsoil, aggregates, from sands and gravels to larger stones and cobbles, and concrete of various strengths and surface ?nishes. This greatly improves resistance to erosive forces such as rainwater run-off on steep or unstable slopes, or slopes exposed to severe hydraulic or mechanical stresses.Terram Geocell can provide a means of fully vegetating slope surfaces where this would not otherwise be possible. Each discrete cell contains soil in?ll to facilitate the growth of vegetation. The exposed edge of the cell panels also disrupts and reduces the velocity of any surface run-off from the slope; further reducing erosion of the topsoil.Precipitation percolating into Terram Geocell must be able to drain, either vertically into the slope substrate or parallel to the slope surface through the cell structures. As many slopes that require such a system have poor drainage, this parallel drainage is of vital importance and Terram Geocell, with its unique material characteristics, offers this without requiring wall weakening perforations.Terram Geocell is anchored to slope surfaces using Terram Fixing Pins; these combined with the weight of the in?lled system prevent the system from slipping down the slope. This allows the Terram Geocell to perform the important function of reinforcing the root zone of the vegetation; in the long-term it is the successful establishment of a consolidated vegetation layer that will provide the required protection to the slope surface. Many variables affect the installation and performance of Terram Geocell, including slope grade, subsurface stability, in?ll material, rainfall and arti?cial watering conditions, hydraulic characteristics of ground water ?ow and sub-base anchoring quality. It is important therefore that due consideration is given to all relevant design criteria on a project speci?c basis. Design Considerations? ??Ibef[?Wd]b[?? ??Ibef[?ZhW_dW][? ??Ibef[?b[d]j^?? ??Ibef[?ikXijhWj[? ??>oZhebe]o? ??H[gk_h[Z?Åd_i^?ed?ibef[$SLOPE PROTECTIONTypical Applications Include:?? 9kj?eh?Åbb?[cXWdac[dji?? :Wci?eh?if_bbmWoi?? I^eh[b_d[?h[l[jc[dji?? 7Xkjc[dj?fhej[Yj_ed?? =[ec[cXhWd[?fhej[Yj_ed?? BWdZÅbb?b_d_d]"?Yel[hi?WdZ?ZhW_dW][?? Ij[[f?ibef[i?? Ie_b?dW_b_d]?Yel[h$Strength of forces acting to cause slope failureSLOPE WITHOUT GEOCELLS Forces causing slope failureResistance failure due to weight of ?uid ...Failure subbaseMaterial from failing face of slopeStrength of forces acting to cause slope failureSLOPE WITH GEOCELLSSoil protected from erosionFailure resistance due to weight of ?uid Geocell forces causing slope failureForces within Geocell in equilibriumSoil movementEARTH REINFORCEMENT Terram Geocell provides a cost-effective alternative to conventional earth retention structures due to its ?exibility and suitability for use with a wide range of in?ll materials and foundation soils. The system eliminates the potential for cracking, spalling, splintering or corrosion that can affect concrete, steel and timber based systems. It can be installed almost vertically to form an effective, economical earth retention structure. Terram Geocell is used in horizontal layers to form a wall structure. This can either be the panels themselves to form a gravity structure or as a facing system in a composite wall working in conjunction with an earth reinforcement system to form a mechanically stabilised earth structure. Terram Geocell can be used with a variety of reinforcement techniques such as geotextile or geogrid earth reinforcement, soil nails, rock bolts, helical anchors etc.Typically installations will utilise a composite wall construction creating a totally con?ned wall facing that is directly connected to the back?ll using one of the earth reinforcement systems outlined above. Where construction restrictions do not allow this methodology, a gravity wall construction may be considered. In this construction the Terram Geocell is built as a layered wall capable of resisting the internal loads and pressures to maintain structural integrity. Utilising the Terram Geocell in this application creates horizontal terracing on the facia of the wall. In some circumstances these can utilised to create a vegetated cover for the facia. As with slope protection, the individual cells maximise water collection and minimise run-off, by allowing precipitation to in?ltrate the exposed surface; creating a suitable environment for vegetation growth.When used in these applications, Terram Geocell offers a solution that ful?ls a broad range of design requirements and construction conditions. The unique nature of Terram Geocell structures offer ?exibility and allow for in?lling with a wide range of materials including site in?ll soils (if suitable), top soils, sand, aggregates and concrete. Design Considerations? ??MWbb?>[_]^j? ??[WZ?MWbbi?? IekdZ?8Whh_[hi$GRAVITY WALL COMPOSITE WALLStacked Geocell layersPerforated drainsTerram Geotextile ?lter fabricFree draining back?llGeotextile or Geogrid sheet reinforcementGeotextile Filter FabricPerforated drainage pipeSelected in?llGeocell facia layersLOAD SUPPORTTerram Geocell system can solve many load support problems as it provides both a stable base for paved surfaces and surface stabilisation for unpaved areas. When ?lled with sands or granular ?lls, the cellular structure performs as a semi-rigid ‘slab’ distributing loads laterally, stabilising base materials, reducing sub grade contact pressures and minimising surface rutting. It also prevents the lateral displacement of in?ll and reduces vertical de?ections even on low-strength sub grades.The system is delivered to site as ?at panels and once opened and pinned can be in?lled with either aggregate or sand and compacted to form a stable traf?ckable surface. The use of cohesive in?ll materials is not recommended due to the problems with placing and compacting such materials within the cell structure. When installed the Geocell structures con?ne the in?ll materials within the hoops formed by the cell walls. As load, either static or dynamic, is applied to the con?ned in?ll materials its expansion perpendicular to the applied load is restricted by a combination of the tensile strength within the cell walls (hoop strength) and by the passive resistance from the in?lled cells surrounding the loaded cell. This increases the strength of the ?ll through creation of con?ning stresses within the in?ll materials.It is for this application that Geocells were originally developed by the US Army Corps and Engineers to create a method of quickly building access roads for military vehicles over impassable terrain. Since entering the public arena, many thousands of miles of permanent and temporary access roads and hard standing areas have been reinforced using cellular structures. Design Considerations? ???dÅbb?gkWb_jo%fhef[hj_[i? ??IkX]hWZ[?ijh[d]j^i? ??JhW\\\\ÅY?YedZ_j_edi$Typical Applications Include:?? I_j[?YecfekdZi?? F_b[?YWf?h[_d\\\\ehY[c[dj?? IjWX_b_i[Z?ZhW_dW][?bWo[h?? De?Z_]?jh[[?heej?fhej[Yj_ed?? F[hc[WXb[?beWZ?ikffehj_d]?ikh\\\\WY[i?? F[hcWd[dj?MWo?XWbbWij?ijWX_b_iWj_ed?? IkX#XWi[?ijWX_b_iWj_ed?\\\\eh?XbeYa?fWl[Z?Wh[Wi?? =h[[d?WYY[ii?heWZi?WdZ?j[cfehWho?]h[[d?eYYWi_edWb?YWhfWhai?? F[hcWd[dj?WdZ?j[cfehWho?WYY[ii?heWZi"?\\\\eejfWj^i?WdZ?YoYb[?fWj^i$Wheel loadApplication of load causes failure of substrate leading to rutting.WITHOUT GEOCELLSDownward stresses equal upward resistance resulting in no rutting.Wheel loadLateral stresses are equal to the resistance of ?lled cells resulting in no displacement of aggregate.GeocellsWITH GEOCELLSCHANNEL PROTECTIONTerram Cellular Con?nement Systems can be used to protect channels exposed to severe erosion conditions or continuous ?ow. It offers improvements over conventional materials such as concrete and aggregate by con?ning the in?ll within the cellular structure and assuring effective subgrade drainage and subsoil protection.The system also allows for vegetated systems which provide increased strength through the root structure (as with the slope protection application) and result in a more natural ?nished appearance, compatible with the local environment and ecology.Using the Terram Cellular Con?nement Systems for channel lining is an extension of the slope applications, described previously, with the consideration of the additional forces generated through saturation of the ?ll and the ?ow of water within the channel. Design Considerations? ??;cXWdac[dj?ibef[?Wd]b[? ??B[d]j^? ??>oZhebe]o? ??:hW_dW][? ??IkXijhWj[?YedZ_j_edi? ??Wki[cWdd"?C$H$?'/-,$? “Strength of Reinforced Soil.”, Proceedings of 8th Australian Road Research Conference, vol.8.Ae[hd[h"?H$C$?'//,$? :[i_]d_d]?m_j^?=[eiodj^[j_Yi$?Fh[dj_Y[?>Wbb"?;d][bmeeZ$9?H?7?H[fehj?--,$?'/.-$? º:[i_]d?e\\\\?H[_d\\\\ehY[Z?=hWii?MWj[hmWoi$»?9edijhkYj_ed??dZkijho?H[i[WhY^?WdZ??d\\\\ehcWj_ed?7iieY_Wj_ed"?BedZed$FWjY^"?:?WdZ?>ebZ_d]"?8$?(&&-$ ºJ^hek]^?j^[?Jh[[i?je?:[l[befc[dj"?7FD'(»"?7hXeh_YkbjkhWb?Advisory and Information Service, Farnham, UK.CIRIA Report C582, 2002. “Source Control Using Constructed Pervious Surfaces”, Construction Industry Research and Information 7iieY_Wj_ed"?BedZed$TECHNICAL SUPPORTA full range of product data sheets, case studies and project information request forms are available from Terram technical support or as downloads from the Terram website. www.terram.com.IMPORTANT NOTICEThe information contained herein has been prepared in good faith and is, to the best of our knowledge, accurate in all material h[if[Yji$?>em[l[h"?_j?Ze[i?dej?fkhfehj?je?X[?Yecfh[^[di_l[?WdZ?since the circumstances and conditions in which such information and the products discussed herein can be used may vary and are beyond our control, no representation or warranty, express or implied, whether of merchantability, ?tness for purpose or against patent infringement or otherwise, is or will be made and no responsibility or liability is or will be accepted by Terram B_c_j[Z"?Wdo?e\\\\?_ji?W\\\\Åb_Wj[i?eh?_ji?eh?j^[_h?h[if[Yj_l[?Z_h[Yjehi"?of?cers, employees or agents in relation to the accuracy or completeness or use of the information contained herein or any such products and any such liability is expressly disclaimed. The information contained herein is offered free of charge and we give no undertaking to provide any additional, updated or corrected information.This brochure is printed on Revive 100 uncoated paper, which is FSC certi?ed as containing 100% post-consumer reclaimed material.