Retrofit Schemes Around the Globe

Summer 2006Retrofit SchemesAround the GlobeThe implementation and success of retrofitdiesel exhaust aftertreatment programmes.Johnson Matthey seeks to ensure that the information provided in this publicationis up to date and accurate. However, the information contained herein does notrepresent an exhaustive list of retrofit schemes and/or programmes worldwide,nor does it constitute legal or professional advice.Accordingly, Johnson Mattheycannot accept any liability for any actions arising from its use.Retrofit SchemesAround the GlobeMore than a decade on from the commercial introduction of Johnson Matthey’s Continuously Regenerating Trap (CRT®)technology, Global Emissions Management looks at how heavy duty diesel (HDD) retrofit schemes have developed during thisperiod, and the reasons for their success.The situations in each city or country are different, and call for different measures toensure effective improvement in air quality.This review will provide an up-to-date view on programmes in place around the world, and the incentives and policies that have enabled the control of particulate matter (PM) by aftertreatment systems on HDD vehicles.Concerns about the health effect of particulateswere raised in the 1980s, and studies identifiedPM10 (particles less than 10 microns in diameter) as a major contributor to health problems. It wasalso well known that diesel engines were among the largest emitters of PM10, and filters werefitted to some vehicles in an attempt to reducethese emissions. These early systems weregenerally unsuccessful until the arrival of CRT®technology, as well as more reliable wall flowfilters and, critically, ultra low sulphur diesel(ULSD). This gave governments and localauthorities the opportunity to encourageinstallation of retrofit devices (primarily dieselparticulate filters, or DPFs) to clean the existingvehicle fleet.Sweden led Europe with its concern for theenvironment, in particular the impact of dieselemissions, and was the first country in whichschemes at city level were implemented.Environmental zones were established inStockholm, Malmo and Gothenburg in 1996,where only the cleanest commercial vehicles were permitted to enter. New vehicles wereallowed in to the centre of the cities, but anytrucks or buses over eight years old had toimprove their emissions. At the same time, MK1 sulphur-free fuel was introduced. On-road vehicles are the subject of most retrofitprogrammes, but the non-road sector, tunnellingand construction equipment in particular, has alsobeen identified as suitable for fitting withaftertreatment systems. Switzerland was the first country to implement a programme of DPFfitment to non-road mobile machinery (NRMM),with all devices to be approved to the VERTtesting protocol, now an internationallyrecognised standard. Although Switzerland isrelatively small in terms of numbers of machines, it is one of the largest users of non-road PMabatement systems in the world.Retrofit is not the only option available tooperators when air quality improvement schemesare introduced, but it is generally the most cost-effective. Alternatives include retiring older vehicles or fitting them with newer engines to make them more efficient. Although theseoptions can give operators a newer, cleanerengine, tailpipe PM emissions are often higherthan from an older engine with aftertreatment,and they will have fewer clean vehicles for their money. City authorities often focus on retrofitting buses, as they can operate for longperiods in city centres, where the air quality isusually much poorer than in outlying areas.During the second half of the 1990s, the numberof local and national schemes increased, withprojects in the UK, France and USA following theSwedish example. It was during the first half ofthe current decade however, that authorities inEurope, North and South America and Asia reallytook notice of the deteriorating air quality in theircities and countries. Some vehicle operators will take the initiativevoluntarily to reduce the emissions of their fleet, but it usually requires a combination of incentives and regulation to encouragewidespread adoption of new technology. The UK government, through its Energy Saving Trust (EST) funded scheme, provided grants of up to 100% of the capital cost of the system tofit aftertreatment equipment. Until the scheme was closed in 2005, nearly 14,000 vehicles hadtaken advantage of the funding. At the sametime, London introduced a policy to ensure thatall of its buses had emissions complying withEuro 3 or better by the end of 2005. About halfof the buses were fitted with retrofit DPFsystems, while the old Routemaster buses werephased out and replaced with newer, cleanervehicles, also fitted with filters.Areas of the world using fuel containing morethan 50ppm sulphur can still use other retrofittechnologies, such as oxidation catalysts. AsULSD becomes more widely available over thenext few years however, we are likely to seecountries such as Spain, Poland, Italy, Hong Kong, Brazil, Australia and Singapore introducefilter retrofit programmes. There is also the possibility that many of the existing schemesaimed at reducing PM only may be extended to include oxides of nitrogen as this technologybecomes more widely available.During the second half of the1990s, the number of local andnational schemes increased, withprojects in the UK, France and USAfollowing the Swedish example.Sweden led Europe with itsconcern for the environment, inparticular the impact of dieselemissions, and was the firstcountry in which schemes at citylevel were implemented.Sweden led the way with the establishment of E-Zones in the 1990sParticulate emissions in tunnels pose asignificant health riskThe introduction of CRT® technology was a key enabler for retrofit programmes American school buses are seen as a priority for retrofit funding It usually requires a combination of incentives and regulation toencourage widespread adoptionof new technology.Retrofit Schemes: global overviewKeyUSAChileSwitzerlandGermanyUKSwedenFranceHong KongNetherlandsSouth KoreaJapanBelgiumNo SchemesNational, state and cityprogrammes introduced from 2000onwards, some provide funding,others make retrofit mandatory.TranSantiago retrofitscheme implemented 2006.Up to 2,000 city buses tobe retrofitted.More than 50,000 catalyst andfilter retrofits carried out.Filter fitment made mandatoryfor tunnelling equipment in 2000and other non-road mobilemachinery in 2003.Approximately 14,000 vehiclesretrofitted, including around4,000 London buses. Retrofit subsidies from 2005 in Seoul and surrounding area.GlossaryPM – Particulate matterNOx – Oxides of nitrogenCO – Carbon monoxideHC – HydrocarbonULSD – Ultra low sulphur dieselDPF – Diesel particulate filterBAT – Best available technologyNOVEM – Nederlandse Organisatie voor Enerigie en Milieu (DutchEnvironment Agency)E-Zone – Environmental Zone4Rs – Retire, Replace, Re-power, RetrofitEPA – Environmental Protection AgencyCARB – California Air Resources BoardEST – Energy Saving TrustADEME – Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maîtrisede l’Energie (French Environment Agency)Occupation Health Legislationrequired DPF from 1996Nearly 2,000 filters fitted.Funding for retrofit firstintroduced in 2000.Funding for filter retrofitfrom 2000.Approximately 160,000 dieselengines (including 5,000 schoolbuses) are estimated to have beenfitted with aftertreatment sinceretrofit programmes began.Number of buses with retrofitfilter systems is estimated at 5,000.Partial subsidies made available forretrofit in 1998.Environmental Zones introduced in three cities in 1996, the first country to take such steps.More than 4,000 trucks, buses, refuse andconstruction vehicles have been retrofitted.Aproximately 1,000filter retrofits to buses.Filter retrofit subsidiesfor city buses from 2000.Around 10,000 machines nowfitted with retrofit filters.More than 100,000 catalystsand filter systems fitted.Combination of subsidies andpenalties first offered in 2002.Potentially 500,000 vehicles to beretrofitted over five year period.First set of subsidies madeavailable 1999 for taxis, 2002 forheavy duty vehicles.Filters fitted to tunnellingequipment and forklift trucksoperated in confined areas.Hong Kong JapanCity Scheme:Seoul City andSurrounding Area – Lawcovering all diesel vehicles 5-8 years old• PM reduction• Started 2005• 100% subsidy in year 1, thenreducing subsidies to fit aftertreatment• Non-compliant vehicles receive no maintenance certificationSouth KoreaUKNational Scheme:All construction equipment on largesites must be fitted with an approvedfilter system• Started in 2003• To reduce PM• Fines for non-complianceGermanyNationalRegulation:TRGS 554 – requiresDPF as occupationalhealth measure in buildings,underground or other enclosed areasSwitzerlandFranceCity Scheme:Major cities – E-Zones for trucks, buses and constructionequipment• PM reduction• Started 1996• Complying vehicles have access to E-ZonesSwedenExamples of Retrofit Programmes: in detailUnited States of AmericaCity Schemes:New York City – Transit buses• PM reduction through ULSD and DPF• Started 2000New York City – Non-roadvehicles in Manhattan and fiveboroughs• PM, NOx, ozone reduction through ULSDand BAT• Local Law 77 in force 2004• Penalties for non-complianceNew York City – Refuse trucks,buses and city vehicles• PM, NOx, ozone reduction through ULSDand BAT• Starts 2006 through 2012• Penalties for non-complianceBoston – “Big Dig” forconstruction vehicles• PM reduction through ULSD and DPF• Started 2002• Operators complying with requirementsable to bid on contractPhiladelphia – “DieselDifference”• PM, NOx, ozone reduction• Started 2004• Promotes voluntary projects througheducation and collaborationState Schemes:California – Diesel Risk ReductionProgram for on- and non-roadvehicles and stationary diesel engines• PM reduction through BAT and 4Rs• Various implementation dates, starting 2002• Funding for voluntary efforts, then mandatorypenalties for non-complianceCalifornia – Carl Moyer Program for on and non-road vehicles andstationary diesel engines• NOx then PM reduction• Started 2000• Funding for voluntary projectsCalifornia – Gateway Cities Projectfor trucks in and out of Los Angelesand Long Beach ports• PM then NOx reduction• Started 2003• 3,000 trucks retired and replaced, newertrucks fitted with DPFs, non-road enginesretrofitted at ports• Up to 70% fundingWest Coast Diesel Collaborative– All diesel engines including rail and marine• PM and NOx reduction• Started 2004• Funding for 4Rs and anti-idling initiativeConnecticut – Clean Air Initiative/I-95 Corridor Project for constructionvehicles• PM reduction• Started 2004• Retrofit essential for operators to bid on contractsWashington – Diesel Solutions for on-road vehicles• PM reduction• Started 2003• 15,000 voluntary retrofits to be funded over 3-4 yearsFederal Programmes:Verification – EPA or CARBverification is accepted in USprogrammesEPA Voluntary Program – for on-road diesel vehicles• PM, NOx, CO and HC reduction• Started 2000• Voluntary, partially funded programmerequiring use of verified productsClean School Bus Program – for school buses nationwide• PM reduction• Started 2003• Some funding and SIP credits forreplacement of older vehicles and retrofit for buses built 1993 and laterClean Ports USA – for non-roadengines used in port operations• PM and NOx reduction• Started 2004• Partial funding for voluntary retrofitSupplemental EnvironmentalPrograms – funding provided bycompanies in lieu of larger fines forenvironmental transgressions• PM, then NOx reduction• Started 2000• Funding for retrofit using verified productsChileHong Kong – four phases ofretrofit programme covering allpre-Euro standard diesel vehicles• PM and HC reduction• Started 1999 for taxis. 2002 for HDD vehicles• Full subsidy paid to aftertreatmentsuppliers during specified periodBelgiumRegions – full funding givento fit filters to buses and trucks • PM reduction• Started 2000• Funding from central government viaregional environment agenciesNetherlandsMiBu – incentive scheme forfilter retrofit on city buses • PM reduction on Euro 1 and 2 buses• Started 2000• Central government funding throughNOVEMCity Schemes:Tokyo and 3 Prefectures – partial subsidy for diesel buses,commercial vehicles and other heavy duty vehicles• PM reduction• Started 2003Three Metropolitan Areas – PM/NOxLaw applied to all heavy duty vehicles and diesel passenger cars• PM and NOx reduction• Started 2002• Partial subsidy given to enable compliance to Japan Long-Term legislation• Inspection certification refused to non-complying vehiclesCity Scheme:Santiago – TranSantiago scheme for buses • PM reduction• Started 2006• Requirement for buses on franchisedroutes to be Euro 1 or 2 plus filter, orEuro 3National Scheme:EST CleanUp – incentivescheme for fitting approvedfilter systems to buses andtrucks• PM reduction• Started 2000• Voluntary scheme offering partialsubsidyNational Scheme:ADEME – voluntaryscheme for retrofittingsystems to buses, longdistance trucks anddelivery vehicles • PM reduction • RATP started retrofitting Paris buses in 1998• Partial subsidies offered from national and local funds• PM reduction • Started 1996• Regular testing to ensure compliance