Free Chlorine Monitoring Articles
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Pre-Engineered Solutions for Low-Flow Municipal Installations - Case Study
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet (UV) technology has been used in the treatment of municipal wastewater for decades to ensure that discharge to local lakes and rivers is compliant with discharge permits, and local regulations. UV acts by inactivating microorganisms and reduces the various coliform, E. coli, or heterogenous plate counts used to evaluate discharge. Chemical-based technologies such as free ...
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Free and residual chlorine according to DIN EN ISO 7393-1
Metrohm is pleased to present an Application Bulletin describing the determination of free and total chlorine by iodometric titration. To disinfect water for human consumption, chlorine is added to the water in some countries. Because chlorine is highly toxic, organism like bacteria are killed and the onset of waterborne diseases like cholera is prevented. But chlorine is not only toxic to ...
By Metrohm AG
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DelAgua Case Study - Harikar NGO and CARE in Northern Iraq
Harikar NGO are working with CARE to provide water quality testing in camps for IDPs (Internationally Displaced People), in Northern Iraq. CARE have carried out a 2-day training course with Harikar field staff on the DelAgua Kit so they are able to carry out weekly bacteriological testing. Harikar have previously been carrying out Free Residual Chlorine testing inside the camps to check if it is ...
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MYTH vs TRUTH: “If my disinfectant residual is always high enough, I don’t have to worry about microbes”
Monitoring disinfectant residuals (i.e. Free and Total Chlorine and/or Chloramine concentration) is one of the most essential practices in drinking water management programs. This ensures that sufficient protection is maintained at all points in the distribution system. The absence of a disinfectant residual means that suppression of microbiological growth is much more difficult and the rate of ...
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Cryptosporidium; Understanding the Hidden Danger
Found in water supplies all over the globe, Cryptosporidium outbreaks are now becoming more and more frequent causing severe illness that can be fatal to vulnerable groups such as the young and elderly and in a number of cases has lead to costly and drawn out legal action. The problem is, whilst disinfection with chlorine effectively destroys other pathogens - it takes less than one minute to ...
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Fecal contamination of drinking water in Kericho District, Western Kenya: role of source and household water handling and hygiene practices
Inadequate protection of water sources, and poor household hygienic and handling practices have exacerbated fecal water contamination in Kenya. This study evaluated the rate and correlates of thermotolerant coliform (TTC) household water contamination in Kericho District, Western Kenya. Culture and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were used to characterize TTCs. The disk ...
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Buy Smarter – what questions should you ask when buying a Spectrophotometer?
Spectrophotometers are relied on by a wide range of laboratories, for tests ranging from specific parameters, like chlorine or metals concentrations, right through to complex analyses of reaction kinetics. When choosing a spectrophotometer the range of specifications and price is vast, so take the time to list the features you need before you buy and make sure you choose the right one. Water ...
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Cryptosporidium - Understanding the hidden danger - Case Study
Ultraviolet disinfection systems are now being used widely as an effective barrier to safeguard against all known bacteria, viruses and pathogens in pools, including the seventeen Chlorine resistant organisms. Understanding the problem Found in water supplies all over the globe, Cryptosporidium outbreaks are now becoming more and more frequent causing severe illness that can be fatal to ...
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Q&A with Dr Ashi Tudugalle
Ashanthie Tudugalle (Ashi) is the newest member of the DelAgua team and is the company’s Technical Services Executive. Ashi recently completed a PhD at the University of Surrey in Microbiology & Immunology where she spent the last 6 years conducting research into microbial diseases. Ashi has vast experience with DelAgua Testing Kits as they were initially developed at the University of ...
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Accuracy, precision, usability, and cost of free chlorine residual testing methods
Chlorine is the most widely used disinfectant worldwide, partially because residual protection is maintained after treatment. This residual is measured using colorimetric test kits varying in accuracy, precision, training required, and cost. Seven commercially available colorimeters, color wheel and test tube comparator kits, pool test kits, and test strips were evaluated for use in ...
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What’s the difference between free and total chlorine?
The element Chlorine exists as a gas Cl2, when this is mixed with water it forms hypochlorous acid (HOCl) which is the disinfecting agent; Cl2 + H2O HCl + HOCl This HOCl can partly disassociate to form the hypochlorite ion OCl-; HOCl H+ + OCl- All of the hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hypochlorite ion (OCl-) species are referred to as free chlorine. These species can then react with nitrogen ...
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Using ATP measurements to optimize and validate flushing activities
A Louisiana, USA municipality performed a survey of their potable water distribution system in September 2013. A total of 47 sample taps were tested for Free Chlorinie, Total Chlorine, and Cellular ATP using LuminUltra's Quench-Gone Aqueous (QGA) test kit. Summary of Findings The results of the initial survey showed that more than half of the sample points carried less than 0.5mg/L of Total ...
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Amperometric Free Chlorine Measurement without pH Compensation
Accurate measurement and control of free chlorine in water is critical in many applications. Amperometric sensors are a popular alternative to colorimetric analyzers since the measurement is continuous and no reagents are required, however most sensors are extremely sensitive to pH fluctuations and have a limited pH range where they will function. Expensive pH measurement and control is one ...
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Drinking water: the problem of chlorinous odours
Chlorinous off-flavours in drinking water are a leading cause of complaints to Australian water utilities and other utilities worldwide. The occurrence and causes of chlorinous odours in drinking water were investigated with the use of an odour panel, trained using a modified flavour profile analysis technique. A new system for classifying water types according to the causes of chlorinous ...
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Chlorine mystery solved
Following the installation of in-pipe drinking water quality monitoring sondes, distribution engineers discovered an occasional significant disparity between the Intellisondes’ data and results from grab samples tested by a photometer tablet (DPD) method. For most of the time, there was close agreement between the two methods, but periodically, the photometer results varied wildly, whilst ...
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Occurrence of
Aeromonas spp. in a random sample of drinking water distribution systems in the USAAeromonads are aquatic bacteria found in drinking water supplies worldwide. Some species, such as Aeromonas hydrophila, can cause disease in humans. For this survey, 293 United States public water systems were selected using random sampling, stratified by water source and system type. Water samples were collected during one year from three sites (six samples per site) in each system. Temperature, ...
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Correlations between surrogate nitrogenous organic precursors and C-, N-DBP formation
Nitrosamines have been emerging as disinfection byproducts in drinking water using source water impacted with domestic wastewaters. Nitrogenous organic compounds are suggested as precursors of nitrosamines, but many of them have not been identified. This study investigated the correlations between nine selected nitrogenous organic compounds with different characteristics and corresponding ...
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UV technology - unique in water disinfection
Due to its undisputable Success & Efficiency in destroying Cryptosporidium and Combined Chlorine, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Recommend installing UV Systems It has taken many years of testing to convince the pool market that the most reliable and best available option for treating and disinfecting water is through using Ultraviolet (UV) technology. UV systems have ...
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Project profile - USEPA arsenic demonstration project Springfield, Ohio – Chateau estates arsenic and iron treatment system
Background AdEdge Technologies Inc. (AdEdge) was selected in 2004 by the U.S. EPA and the host site as part of the Round 2 Arsenic Demonstration Program to implement full scale arsenic treatment for the Chateau Estates Mobil Home Community in Springfield, Ohio. The public water system has approximately 230 connections with an average daily flow of 45,000 gallons per day. AdEdge was contracted by ...
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Project profile - City of Moulton, Texas arsenic, iron, manganese treatment system
Background AdEdge Technologies Inc. (AdEdge) was selected by the City of Moulton and Hejl, Lee, and Associates (HLA) to design a full-scale arsenic treatment project using its AD26 and Granular Ferric Oxide (GFO) adsorption technology. In addition to designing the system, AdEdge assisted HLA in obtaining a construction permit from the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) for the ...
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