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Ultrasonic testing is based on the following principle: ultrasound waves propagate into the object where it travels through the material steadily. But when ultrasound waves collide into an interface with different acoustic attributes in the testing object (such as cracks, flaws, discontinuities) their direction will change. Inhomogenity means acoustic interface in the testing object; sound waves make different moves, part of them transmit through the material, others reflect or scatter. Reflection as well as transmission depends on a number of features of the material. One of the most important is the acoustic hardness on both sides of the interface and their proportion. Geometry and angle of incidence of the interface also play important role.

Flow of magnetic field is disrupted because of the difference in material and magnetic permeability within the test object. Magnetic iron particles attracted evenly on the surface are realigned by averted lines of force which produces a visible indication of defect on the surface of the material.

Capillarity: Penetrant solution containing visible or fluorescent dye is applied to the surface of a precleaned component. The particles of the solution is pulled into surface-breaking defects by capillary action in the test object. A hygroscopic developer is then applied to draw the penetrant out of the defects. With fluorescent dyes, ultraviolet light is used to make the bleedout fluoresce brightly, thus allowing imperfections to be readily seen. With visible dyes, a vivid color contrast between the penetrant and developer makes the bleedout easy to see.

Scientific principles: This method is based on the principles of the physical optics.

Scientific principles: It is based on pressure differential. pressure differential is created on both sides of the test object and the leaking agent (i.e.: air) is detected by one of the leak testing methods and defects are disclosed the object to be tested is placed under pressure or vacuum and the loss is measured.

Scientific principles: In case of using hardness test devices or durometers working on dynamic measuring principles the striking mechanism snaps the indenter on the test object with a definite spring force. In regard with the given material, striking and reflection speed measured in an electromagnetic way can be associated with superficial hardness.